Ukuthuthukiswa Okuxubile eNingizimu Afrika: Umhlahlandlela

Ukuthuthukiswa okuxubile — okuhlanganisa izindlu, ezokuthengisa namahhovisi kuhlelo olulodwa — sekube enye yezimodeli ezikhangayo kwezempahla eNingizimu Afrika. Ukukhangayo kuyiqiniso: uhlelo oluxubile oluhlelwe kahle ludala izindawo lapho abantu behlala, besebenza futhi bethenga endaweni eyodwa, luhlukanise imali engenayo yomthuthukisi kwizinhlelo ezahlukene, futhi lungalingana nesayithi ngcono kunanoma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa okukodwa. Kepha ukuxuba izinhlobo zokusetshenziswa kwandisa ubunzima kuzo zonke izigaba, futhi umthuthukisi ongabukeli phansi lobo bunzima uthola ukuthi amabhizinisi amathathu ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa ayizindlela ezingamaphindwe amathathu zokuthi izinto zingahamba kabi.

Lo mhlahlandlela uchaza ukuthuthukiswa okuxubile eNingizimu Afrika — ukuthi kungani ukuxubana kusebenza, ukuthi ubunzima obungeziwe bukuphi, kanye nokuthi ulinganisa kanjani izingxenye zezindlu, ezokuthengisa namahhovisi ukuze kube nokuhambisana okuphelele.

Kungani ukusetshenziswa okuxubile kusebenza

Isizathu sokusetshenziswa okuxubile sisekelwe ezinzuzweni ezimbalwa eziyiqiniso. Imali engenayo ehlukene isho ukuthi umthuthukisi akatholakali ngokugcwele emakethe eyodwa — isikhathi esibuthaka sezindlu singalungiswa isidingo esiqinile sokuthengisa, futhi izinhlelo ezahlukene zemali engenayo azikhuphuki futhi ziwe zonke ndawonye. Ukusetshenziswa kwezwe okungcono kungakhipha inani elikhulu kunesayithi elisendaweni enhle kunalokho okuzokwenziwa ukusetshenziswa okukodwa, ikakhulukazi lapho ukuhlelwa nesimo kuxhasa ubukhulu. Futhi ikhwalithi yokudala indawo — ukuphila kwendawo lapho abantu behlala, besebenza futhi bethenga — kungenza uhlelo lube nokukhangayo okukhulu futhi luqine kunemodeli eyodwa.

Lezi zinzuzo ziyiqiniso, kepha zizuzwa, azizenzakaleli. Uhlelo oluxubile olubeka nje izinhlobo zokusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuzihlanganisa luthatha ubunzima ngaphandle kwezinzuzo.

Lapho ubunzima bukhona

Ukusetshenziswa okuxubile kwandisa ubunzima ngoba ukusetshenziswa ngakunye kuletha inguqulo yakho yenkinga ngayinye yokuthuthukisa.

Ekufanelekeni, ukusetshenziswa kulinganiswa ngokwehlukene — izindlu ngokuthengiswa kwamayunithi noma ukuqashiswa, ezokuthengisa ngenzuzo yokuqasha kanye nezibopho zabaqashi abakhulu, amahhovisi ngendawo engaqashiswa kanye nemibandela yokuqasha — ngakho ukuhlolwa okukodwa kudinga ukuvumelanisa amasu amaningi okulinganisa. Ezindlekweni, izingxenye zabelana ngesakhiwo nangezinsizakalo kepha zihluke kakhulu ekuqedelweni nasekuhleleni. Kwimali engenayo, izikhathi ziyehlukana — ukuqashiswa kusengaqedwa, ukuthengisa kanye nokuqala kwezinkontileka zokuqasha kuwela emakhethweni ahlukene, okwenza ukugeleza kwemali kube nzima kakhulu ukukubumba kunohlelo lokusetshenziswa okukodwa. Ekuvunyweni, ukuxuba izinhlobo zokusetshenziswa kuvame ukwandisa imibandela nezingxoxo. Futhi ekulethweni, izingxenye ziqhubeka ngamaphethelo omsebenzi ahlukene ngaphansi kohlelo olulodwa. Ngayinye yalezi iyaphathakala; kodwa zonke ndawonye, ngaphansi kohlelo olulodwa, zidinga ukuxhumana okuyiqiniso.

Ukulinganisa izingxenye

Ikhono eliyisisekelo ekuthuthukisweni okuxubile ukulingana — ukuthola inhlanganisela efanele yokusetshenziswa yesayithi nemakethe, bese uyigcina ilinganile ngesikhathi sokulethwa. Ezokuthengisa eziningi kakhulu endaweni engekwazi ukuzisekela zishiya izitolo ezingenalutho zihudula uhlelo phansi; izindlu ezimbalwa kakhulu ohlelweni oludinga isivinini sokuthengiswa ziyakomisa ukugeleza kwemali. Ukulingana okufanele kuyimbuzo yemakethe nokufaneleka, ehlolwa ngobufakazi bangempela hhayi ngokucatshangwa, futhi kungenye yezinqumo ezinomthelela omkhulu ekutheni uhlelo oluxubile luyaphumelela yini.

Ukulingana kubaluleke nasekulethweni. Izingxenye zinezikhathi nemifanekiso yemali engenayo ehlukene, futhi umthuthukisi kufanele azihlele ngokulandelana ukuze ukugeleza kwemali kuhlangane ndawonye — ngokuvame kuvunyelwa ukuthengiswa kwezindlu noma ukuqashiswa okusengaqedwa kusekele uhlelo ngenkathi izingxenye zentengiselwano ziqashiswa. Ukulahlekelwa ukulandelana okufanele kuyindlela evamile lapho uhlelo oluxubile olusebenzayo lungena enkingeni yokugeleza kwemali nakuba luqinile ngokwesisekelo.

Uhlangothi lwemali engenayo: izinkontileka zokuqasha kanye nabaqashi abakhulu

Uhlangothi lwemali engenayo lokusetshenziswa okuxubile yilapho indlela yokucabanga yezindlu ivama khona ukudukisa, ngoba imali engenayo yezentengiselwano isebenza ngendlela ehluke kakhulu kunokuthengiswa kwezindlu. Ezokuthengisa zivame ukuncika kubaqashi abakhulu okuzibophezela kwabo kuqinisekisa ingxenye yemali engenayo ngaphambi kokuqedwa futhi kungenza umehluko phakathi kohlelo olungaxhaswa nolungeyona ingozi. Amahhovisi alinganiswa ngendawo engaqashiswa kanye namandla nobude bezinkontileka zakho zokuqasha. Kokubili kusho ukuthi imali engenayo iyisethi yezibopho ezinesikhathi nemibandela yazo, hhayi umfanekiso olula wokuthengisa. Ukuthwala lokhu ngokufanele ekuhloleni ukufaneleka nasekugelezeni kwemali — ndawonye nokuthengiswa kwezindlu — kubalulekile ukuze kube khona umfanekiso oqotho wohlelo.

Ukuvunywa kanye nokuhlelwa kwezwe kokusetshenziswa okuxubile

Isigaba sokuvunywa singenye yezindawo lapho ukuthuthukiswa okuxubile kwengeza ubunzima ngokuthula, futhi kufanele kuqondwe ngaphambi kokuzibophezela kuhlelo. Ukuxuba izindlu, ezokuthengisa namahhovisi kuthuthukiso olulodwa kuvame ukudinga uhlelo lwezwe olwenza kuvunyelwe le nhlanganisela, okungasho ukuguqula uhlelo lwezwe noma imvume ethile lapho amalungelo akhona engavumi zonke izinhlobo zokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe. Uhlaka lokuhlela lukamasipala luphatha ngokucophelela ubukhulu bokusetshenziswa okuxubile, ukuhlinzekwa kwezindawo zokupaka, ukungena, kanye nendlela izinhlobo zokusetshenziswa ezihlangana ngayo, futhi imibandela ehlotshaniswa nemvume ingabumba uhlelo ngokuphathekayo.

Izindawo zokupaka ziyindawo evame ukucindezela. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zokusetshenziswa zidala izidingo zezindawo zokupaka ezahlukene ngezikhathi ezahlukene, futhi indlela umasipala abala ngayo izindawo zokupaka ezidingekayo zohlelo oluxubile ingathinta kakhulu ukuklanywa nezomnotho. Ukungena kanye nokuhlinzekwa — indlela ezokuthengisa ezithola ngayo izinsiza, indlela izakhamuzi nabasebenzi bamahhovisi abahamba ngayo esayithini — nakho kudonsa ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela, ngoba uhlelo oluxubile kufanele lusebenzele izinhlobo eziningi zabasebenzisi ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Umthelela wokwenzeka uwukuthi ukuvunywa kohlelo oluxubile kuvame ukuba nzima kakhulu kunolwesigaba esisodwa, kunemibandela eminingi, izingxoxo eziningi, nemikhawulo yokuklanywa eminingi okumele ihlangatshezwane nayo. Lokhu kubuyela ngqo ekufanelekeni: isikhathi nezindleko zokuthola imvume efanele, kanye nezindleko zokubamba noma yikuphi ukubambezeleka, kuyingxenye yezomnotho wesivumelwano. Umthuthukisi ohlola isimo sokuhlela kusenesikhathi — ehlonza ukuthi isayithi lingasekela kanjani nokuthi izimvume bani ezingadingeka kule nhlanganisela ehlosiwe — ugwema ukumangala okubiza kakhulu kokuthola, ngemuva kokuzibophezela, ukuthi uhlelo abaluthandayo akulona uhlelo isayithi elizolivumela.

Isofthiwe isekela kanjani uhlelo oluxubile

Ukuthuthukiswa okuxubile kuwuhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi, olunezingxenye eziningi, olunamaphethelo omsebenzi amaningi, lapho izindleko nemali engenayo kufanele kuhlelwe ngokusetshenziswa ngenkathi konke kuphathwa njengephrojekthi eyodwa. Lobo ubunzima obuyisofthiwe eyenzelwe injongo ethile ekhona kuwo. IWakha yakhelwe ukwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezempahla eNingizimu Afrika kuzo zonke izindlu, ezentengiselwano nokuxubile, inikeza umgogodla wezindleko, wokugeleza kwemali kanye nohlelo — ukuphathwa kwesabelomali se-ZAR, isikhungo sokulawula ukugeleza kwemali sokuhoxiswa okuxubile, kanye nohlelo lwe-Gantt kuwo wonke amaphethelo omsebenzi — ngenkathi izibopho ze-NHBRC zengxenye yezindlu zilandelelwa ndawonye nezingxenye zentengiselwano kurekhodi elilodwa. Ukuhlela isabelomali nemali engenayo ngokusetshenziswa kuguqula lowo mgogodla kube umbono wangempela wokuxubile. IWakha iphinde inwebe iye ekufanelekeni komhlaba esigabeni sokuqala, ukuze uhlolo lwezokuxuba oluxubile lungene kwisabelomali esisebenzayo.

Uma uhlela uhlelo oluxubile futhi izingxenye ziqhubeka zigcina kumasipredishithi ahlukene, bona ukuthi iWakha igcina kanjani izindlu, ezokuthengisa namahhovisi kurekhodi elilodwa: hlola iWakha.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ukuthuthukiswa okuxubile kuyini?

Ukuthuthukiswa okuxubile kuhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okungaphezu kokukodwa — ngokuvamile izindlu, ezokuthengisa namahhovisi — ohlelweni olulodwa noma esakhiweni esisodwa. Inhloso ukudala izindawo lapho abantu behlala, besebenza futhi bethenga endaweni eyodwa ngenkathi kuhlukaniswa imali engenayo yomthuthukisi kwizinhlelo ezahlukene. Kuhlukile nokuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa okukodwa, okunikeza uhlobo olulodwa lwendawo, futhi kuletha kokubili izinzuzo zokuhlukaniswa nobunzima bokuphatha izinhlobo eziningi zokusetshenziswa ndawonye.

Kungani ukusetshenziswa okuxubile kunobunzima obukhulu kunokuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa okukodwa?

Ngoba ukusetshenziswa ngakunye — izindlu, ezokuthengisa, amahhovisi — kunamasu awo okulinganisa, isakhiwo sezindleko, izikhathi zemali engenayo kanye nezinto zokucatshangelwa zemvume, futhi umthuthukisi kufanele ahlole ukufaneleka, akhe futhi aqedele konke ndawonye ngaphansi kohlelo olulodwa nesikhwama sezimali esisodwa. Ubunzima buyaphindaphindeka esikhundleni sokungeza, ikakhulukazi ekugelezeni kwemali okuxubile nasesakhiweni sezindleko ngokusetshenziswa, okuyisizathu sokuthi ukusetshenziswa okuxubile kudinga ukuxhumana okuqinile.

Ulinganisa kanjani ukusetshenziswa ohlelweni oluxubile?

Ukulingana kuyimbuzo yemakethe nokufaneleka: ukuthola isilinganiso esifanele sezindlu, ezokuthengisa namahhovisi esayithini nasemakethe ethile, ehlolwe ngobufakazi bangempela hhayi ngokucatshangwa. Kubaluleke nasekulethweni, lapho izikhathi ezahlukene zezingxenye nemifanekiso yemali engenayo kufanele kulandelanwe ukuze ukugeleza kwemali kuhlangane ndawonye — ngokuvame kusetshenziswa ukuthengiswa kwezindlu noma ukuqashiswa okusengaqedwa ukusekela uhlelo ngenkathi izingxenye zentengiselwano ziqashiswa.

Yiyiphi indima abaqashi abakhulu abayibambayo?

Umqashi omkhulu ngumqashi obalulekile wezokuthengisa noma wezentengiselwano okuzibophezela kwakhe kuqinisekisa ingxenye enkulu yemali engenayo yohlelo, ngokuvame ngaphambi kokuqedwa. Ukuzibophezela kwabo kungaba umehluko phakathi kohlelo oluxubile olungaxhaswa nolungeyona ingozi, ngoba kunika abaxhasi ukuqiniseka ngemali engenayo. Yingakho uhlangothi lwemali engenayo lokufaneleka kohlelo oluxubile kufanele luthwale izicabango zokuqashiswa okusengaqedwa kanye nezikhathi zezinkontileka zokuqasha, hhayi umfanekiso wokuthengiswa kwezindlu kuphela.

Ingabe ukusetshenziswa okuxubile kunengozi kunokusetshenziswa okukodwa?

Kuthwala isakhiwo esihlukile sengozi kunokuba nengozi eningi nje. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemali engenayo kungenza uhlelo oluxubile luqine kunolwesisodwa, ngoba ukusetshenziswa akuhambisani konke ndawonye. Okuhwebelanayo ubunzima — imvume eminingi, izikhungo zezindleko, amasu emali engenayo kanye nokuqashisa okuningi okumele kuxhunyaniswe. Ukusetshenziswa okuxubile kuvuza abathuthukisi abakwazi ukuphatha lobo bunzima futhi kujezisa labo abakuphatha njengokungathi kuwuhlelo olukhulu olulodwa lokusetshenziswa okukodwa.

Ingabe ipulatifomu eyodwa ingaphatha zonke izinhlobo zokusetshenziswa?

Yebo, uma inikeza umgogodla oqinile wezindleko, wokugeleza kwemali kanye nohlelo futhi ikuvumela ukuthi uhlele izindleko nemali engenayo ngokusetshenziswa. Ipulatifomu eyakhelwe ukuthuthukiswa kweNingizimu Afrika ingaphatha uhlelo lonke ngenkathi igcina ukusetshenziswa kuhlukaniseka, ilandelela izibopho ze-NHBRC zezindlu ndawonye nezingxenye zentengiselwano. Ukuzithiba ukuhlela isabelomali nemali engenayo ngokusetshenziswa ukuze umfanekiso oxubile ubonise amasu amathathu ahluke ngempela esikhundleni sokuqagela okulodwa okuphakathi nendawo.

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