Izimfuneko Zokulungiswa Ze-OHS Act | Umhlahlandlela Wokuhambisana Ne-SA

Ukwehluleka kwempahla efektri noma esikhungweni saseNingizimu Afrika akubizi kuphela ngesikhathi sokungasebenzi (ngokuvamile u-R50 000 noma ngaphezulu ngehora emugqeni wokukhiqiza), kodwa kungaholela ekulimaleni, ecaleni, kanye nasekumisweni kwemisebenzi ngabahloli. UMthetho Wezempilo Nokuphepha Emsebenzini 85 ka-1993 (OHS Act) ubeka imisebenzi yomthetho ecacile kubaqashi abasebenzisa noma abalungisa isitsha, imishini, noma impahla. Ukulungiswa akuyona inketho: uMthetho nemithethonqubo yawo kudinga izinhlelo zomsebenzi eziphephile, ukuhlolwa okuvamile, kanye namarekhodi abhaliwe. Lo mhlahlandlela ubeka izimfuneko zokulungiswa ze-OHS Act ezisebenza kuwe, okumele ukugcine efayilini, kanye nendlela isistimu yokuphatha ukulungiswa ngekhompyutha (CMMS) engakusiza ngayo ukuze uhlangabezane nazo.

I-OHS Act ingumthetho oyinhloko olawula impilo nokuphepha emsebenzini eNingizimu Afrika. Ibeka imisebenzi kubaqashi, kubantu abazisebenzelayo, nakubasebenzisi bemishini ukuqinisekisa, ngangokunokwenzeka ngokusengqondweni, ukuthi indawo yomsebenzi iphephile futhi ayinabo ubungozi empilweni. Imithethonqubo emibili ithinta ngokukhethekile ukulungiswa: i-General Machinery Regulations, 1988 (GMR), elawula ukusetshenziswa nokuqashwa kwemishini, kanye ne-Pressure Equipment Regulations, 2009 (PER), elawula izitsha zengcindezi, ojenereyitha bomusi, kanye nempahla ehlobene. Kokubili kubeka imisebenzi yokuhlola, ukuvivinya, kanye nokugcina amarekhodi. Empeleni, izimfuneko zokulungiswa ze-OHS Act zisho ukufunda uMthetho ndawonye nalemithethonqubo kanye nanoma yimuphi umthethonqubo owamukelwe noma isiqondiso sabahloli. Ngemisebenzi ethinta imayini ngqo, bheka izimfuneko zokulungiswa ze-MHSA ezimayini zaseNingizimu Afrika.

I-Section 8: Imisebenzi Yabaqashi Nokulungiswa

I-Section 8 ye-OHS Act ibeka imisebenzi ejwayelekile yabaqashi kubasebenzi babo. Iyisisekelo sezimfuneko zokulungiswa okuphephile emsebenzini.

Isitsha, Izinhlelo, Nempahla Eziphephile

Umqashi ngamunye kumele ahlinzeke futhi agcine, ngangokunokwenzeka ngokusengqondweni, indawo yomsebenzi ephephile futhi engenabo ubungozi empilweni. Empeleni lokhu kuhlanganisa:

Izinhlelo zomsebenzi, isitsha, nemishini eziphephile futhi ezingenazo izingozi empilweni.
Amalungiselelo aphephile okukhiqiza, ukucubungula, ukusetshenziswa, ukuphatha, ukugcinwa, noma ukuthuthwa kwezinto noma izinto ezithile.
Impahla nezindawo zomsebenzi ezigcinwa ngokuhlolwa okuvamile, ukusebenza, nokulungiswa ukuze zihlale ziphephile.

Ngakho-ke ukulungiswa kungumphumela oqondile we-Section 8: impahla nezindawo zomsebenzi kumele zigcinwe esimweni esingadali ubungozi. Okuthiwa “okuvamile” nokuthiwa “okusengqondweni ngokunokwenzeka” kuncike ohlotsheni lwempahla, izingozi ezidalwayo, kanye nomongo wokusetshenziswa kwayo.

Ukuqashwa Nolwazi

I-Section 8 iphinde idinge ukuthi abaqashi bahlinzeke ngolwazi, imiyalelo, ukuqeqeshwa, nokuqashwa okudingekayo ukuqinisekisa impilo nokuphepha kwabasebenzi. Ekulungiseni, lokhu kusho:

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abenza noma abaqapha ukulungiswa bayakwazi futhi baqeqeshwe ngokwanele.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo zokulungiswa (okuhlanganisa ukuvala, ukuhlukanisa, kanye nokuqalisa kabusha) zixoxwa ngokucacile futhi zilandelwe.

Ukulawulwa Kobungozi kanye “Nokusengqondweni Ngokunokwenzeka”

Abaqashi kumele bahlonze izingozi futhi bathathe izinyathelo zokuziqeda noma ukuzinciphisa. Impahla yokuzivikela komuntu siqu (PPE) iyisu lokugcina uma ukulawulwa kobunjiniyela nokwezokuphatha (okuhlanganisa ukulungiswa) sekusetshenzisiwe. “Okusengqondweni ngokunokwenzeka” kusho ukuthi izinga lomzamo elidingekayo lihambisana nengozi. Isikhungo sokudla eKZN esisebenzisa izitsha zengcindezi namabhande okuthutha kumele sibe nokulungiswa okuhlelekile futhi okuvamile ngaphezu kwehhovisi elinezindawo zokusebenza ezivamile. Amankantolo nabahloli babheka lokho ababekwazi, lokho okwakwenzeka, kanye nobunzima bomonakalo ongenzeka lapho behlola ukuhambisana. Empeleni, awukwazi ukweqa ukulungiswa ngoba kungahambi kahle noma kubiza kakhulu. Uma imishini ingabangela ukulimala okukhulu noma ukufa uma yehluleka, umthetho ulindele uhlelo lokulungiswa nokuhlola oluqinile, kunamarekhodi okulufakazela.

I-General Machinery Regulations: Ukuqashwa Nokuvikelwa

I-General Machinery Regulations (GMR), eshicilelwe ngaphansi kwesaziso sikahulumeni i-Government Notice R1521 ka-1988, ibeka imisebenzi enemininingwane kubaqashi nabasebenzisi bemishini. Njengamanje iyabuyekezwa; uhlaka lwe-General Machinery Regulations entsha lwashicilelwa ukuze kunikezwe imibono ngo-2025 (bheka ngezansi). Okulandelayo kubonisa i-GMR yamanje kanye nezindikimba eziyinhloko zohlaka olusha.

Ukukhethwa Komuntu Okwazi Ngokwanele

I-Regulation 2(1) ye-GMR idinga ukuthi umqashi noma umsebenzisi wemishini akhethe ngokubhala umuntu ngesikhathi esigcwele kuwo wonke amasayithi lapho kusetshenziswa khona imishini, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana noMthetho kanye ne-GMR. Lowo muntu kumele abe “umuntu okwazi ngokwanele” njengoba kuchazwe emithethonqubweni. UmHloli Oyinhloko angavumela ukuthi kukhethwe umuntu oyedwa ongaphezulu, noma avumele ukukhethwa komuntu onezimfanelo ezahlukile ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

Ngaphansi kwe-GMR yamanje, “umuntu okwazi ngokwanele” mayelana nemishini uhlanganisa abantu asebeqedile ukuqeqeshwa kobuqhude (noma abanolwazi lokusebenza oluyiminyaka emihlanu okungenani) ekusebenzeni nasekulungiseni imishini, kanye nesikhathi esiyunyaka owodwa okungenani solwazi olufanele isigaba semishini abayiqaphayo; abantu abanesitifiketi sobunjiniyela (isb. ubunjiniyela bezomshini noma bezikagesi ezingeni le-T3/N5) kanye neminyaka emibili yolwazi lokusebenza; onjiniyela abaneziqu abaneminyaka emibili yolwazi ngemva kweziqu kanye nokuphumelela ivivinyo elimisiwe; noma onjiniyela abanesitifiketi. Amazinga aphakeme amandla (isb. ngaphezu kuka-1200 kW noma 3000 kW) adinga ukuthi umuntu okhethiwe abe nezimfanelo zezinga eliphakeme.

Uhlaka Lwe-GMR Lwango-2025: Umuntu Okwazi Ngokwanele Nobubanzi

UMnyango Wezokuqashwa Nezabasebenzi washicilela uhlaka lwe-General Machinery Regulations ngo-2025 ukuze kunikezwe imibono yomphakathi (Isaziso Sikahulumeni 53210 sika-22 Agasti 2025). Izinguquko eziphakanyisiwe eziyinhloko ezithinta ukulungiswa nokuqashwa zihlanganisa:

Incazelo yomuntu okwazi ngokwanele: Uhlaka luvuselela incazelo ukuze kufakwe abantu abaqede ngempumelelo ukuqeqeshwa kobuqhude noma ukufunda okugunyaziwe emkhakheni wobunjiniyela obuhlanganisa ukusebenza nokulungiswa kwemishini, noma abanolwazi lokusebenza oluyiminyaka emihlanu okungenani. Lokhu kuhambisana ngokusemthethweni ukufunda okugunyaziwe nokuqeqeshwa kobuqhude. Uhlaka luphinde lususe indlela “kanjiniyela oneziqu” encazelweni kulesi simo sakhona samanje, okunciphisa izindlela zokuthola izimfanelo.
Umuntu okwazi ngokwanele ngesikhathi esigcwele ngesayithi ngalinye: Uhlaka luqinisa isidingo somuntu okhethiwe okwazi ngokwanele ngesikhathi esigcwele kusayithi ngalinye lapho kusetshenziswa khona imishini, kugcizelela ukuthi ukuqashwa kwemishini kumele kuhlinzekwe ngezinsizakusebenza ngokuzinikela.
Ububanzi obunwetshiwe bemishini: Uhlaka lunweba uhla lwemishini nempahla eyimbandakanywa, okungaletha impahla eyengeziwe ngaphansi kwemisebenzi yokuhlola nokulungiswa.

Abaqashi kumele baqaphele ukuphothulwa kwale mithethonqubo futhi bahambisane nokulungiswa nokuqashwa kwabasebenzi nezincazelo nobubanzi obubuyekeziwe uma isivele imenyezelwe ngokusemthethweni. Ukuze wazi ngalokho okuguqukayo, bheka uhlaka lwe-General Machinery Regulations lwango-2025 nendlela yokulungiselela.

Ukuvikelwa Nokusebenza

I-Regulation 3 ye-GMR idinga ukuthi abaqashi nabasebenzisi baqinisekise ukuthi imishini ifaneleka, ifakiwe, iyasebenza, futhi iyalungiswa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvezwa ezimweni eziyingozi noma ezingaba yingozi; ukuthi izingxenye eziyingozi zivikelwa ngempumelelo; nokuthi impahla yokuphepha igcinwa isesimweni esihle sokusebenza futhi isetshenziswa ngokufanele. I-Regulation 4 ibhekana nokusebenza: abasebenzisi kumele bazi ngezingozi nezinyathelo zokuqaphela, kanti imishini edinga ukunakwa njalo kumele ibe ngaphansi kokuqashwa komuntu wesheshi okhona ngesikhathi isebenza. Amaplani namarekhodi okulungiswa asekela ukuhambisana ngokubonisa ukuthi impahla igcinwa isesimweni esiphephile nokuthi ukuqashwa kwaziswa yisimo sempahla esibuyekeziwe.

Izimfuneko Zempahla Yengcindezi

Impahla yengcindezi (izitsha zengcindezi, ojenereyitha bomusi, amapayipi, kanye nezinto ezihlobene) ilawulwa yi-Pressure Equipment Regulations, 2009 (PER), ngaphansi kwe-OHS Act. Abasebenzisi kumele baqinisekise ukuthi impahla yengcindezi iyahlolwa futhi iyavivinywa ngaphambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza kanye ngezikhathi ezithile ngemva kwalokho.

Ukuhlolwa nokuvivinywa kokuqala: Ngaphambi kokuqalisa ukusebenza, impahla kumele ihlolwe futhi ivivinywe ngokuhambisana ne-PER (isb. ukuhlolwa ngaphakathi nangaphandle nokuvivinywa kwengcindezi yamanzi okufakazelwa ngumbono weGunya Elivunyelwe Lokuhlola, ngaphandle kokuthi umthethonqubo usho okunye).
Izikhathi zesikhathi sokusebenza: Ojenereyitha bomusi bamapayipi omlilo ngokuvamile badinga ukuhlolwa ngaphandle njalo ngezinyanga eziyi-12 kanye nokuvivinywa kwengcindezi yamanzi okufakazelwe nokutholwa kwemifantu njalo ngezinyanga ezingu-36. Ezinye izitsha zengcindezi nojenereyitha bomusi zinezikhathi zazo ngaphansi kwe-PER.
Ukulungiswa nezinguquko: I-Regulation 13 ye-PER idinga ukuthi ukulungiswa nezinguquko kuhlolwe futhi kubhalwe ngokufanele ukuze ubuqotho bempahla yengcindezi bungaphazamiseki. Wonke umsebenzi kumele uhambisane nemibandela yomkhiqizi kanye nezindinganiso ezisebenzayo.

Lezi zimfuneko zempahla yengcindezi ziyingxenye yezimfuneko ezijwayelekile zokulungiswa ze-OHS Act: zichaza amazinga aphansi kunawo wonke okuhlolwa nokuvivinywa kanye nesidingo sobufakazi obubhaliwe bokuhambisana.

Imisebenzi Yokugcinwa Kwamarekhodi Okulungiswa

Ngaphansi kwe-OHS Act nemithethonqubo yayo, abaqashi nabasebenzisi bemishini kumele bagcine amarekhodi abonisa ukuhambisana. Nakuba amagama aqondile ehlukile phakathi kwe-GMR ne-PER, okulandelayo kuvame ukudingeka noma kulindelwe:

Ukuvivinywa nokuhlolwa kokusebenza: Amarekhodi okuthi izivivinyo nokuhlolwa kwenziwe nini, ngubani, kanye nomphumela (isb. kuphumelele/kwehlulekile, izimo ezibekiwe). Kwempahla yengcindezi, i-PER idinga ukuthi lokhu kubhalwe ngokuhambisana ne-Regulation 14.
Izinguquko nokulungiswa: Irekhodi lanoma yiziphi izinguquko noma ukulungiswa kwemishini noma impahla yengcindezi, okuhlanganisa okwenziwe kanye nokwenzeka, ukuze umlando wempahla ulandeleke. I-Regulation 13 ye-PER ihlanganisa ukulungiswa nezinguquko nokuhlolwa okubhaliwe kanye nobuqotho.
Irejista esesayithini: Uhlaka lwe-GMR nomkhuba ohlobene nawo ngokuvamile kulindeleke ukuthi kugcinwe irejista (noma okulingana nayo) yemishini kanye/noma impahla yengcindezi esayithini, enemininingwane yezivivinyo, ukuhlolwa, nokulungiswa, futhi itholakale ukuze ihlolwe umhloli lapho kucelwa.

Okumele Abaqashi Bakugcine Empeleni

Empeleni, abaqashi kumele bagcine kwimpahla noma isistimu ngayinye efanele: ubunikazi nendawo yempahla; usuku nohlobo lokuhlolwa ngakunye, isivivinyo, noma inkonzo; igama nezimfanelo zomuntu owenza noma owabona lokho (isb. umuntu okwazi ngokwanele, iGunya Elivunyelwe Lokuhlola); umphumela (isb. kuphumelele, kwehlulekile, izimo noma imikhawulo); kanye nanoma yiziphi izinsolo ezitholiwe kanye nesenzo sokulungisa esithathiwe. Kwempahla yengcindezi, izitifiketi noma imibiko evela emaGunyeni Avunyelwe Okuhlola kumele igcinwe kanye nerekhodi lempahla. Amarekhodi angagcinwa ngephepha noma ngekhompyutha, kodwa kumele akwazi ukutholakala futhi afundeke lapho umhloli noma umcwaningimabhuku ecela ukuwabona. I-Regulation 14 ye-PER ibeka ngokusobala izimfuneko zokugcinwa kwamarekhodi kwempahla yengcindezi. Ukugcina la marekhodi endaweni eyodwa, ngezinsuku ezicacile nabantu abaphethe umthwalo, kubalulekile ekufakazeleni ukuhambisana ngesikhathi sokucwaningwa noma ukuvakashelwa umhloli.

Izimfuneko Zokuhlelwa Kokuhlolwa

Ukuhlolwa nokuvivinywa kumele kuhlelwe ukuze kwenzeke ngezikhathi ezidingwa umthetho nangumkhiqizi noma izindinganiso ezisebenzayo. Izikhathi eziyinhloko ngaphansi kwemithethonqubo yaseNingizimu Afrika zihlanganisa:

Impahla noma isistimu	Ukuhlolwa / ukuvivinywa	Isikhathi esikhulu
Imishini yokuphakamisa (ukuhlolwa okuphelele)	Ukuhlolwa okubanzi nokuvivinywa kokusebenza	Izinyanga eziyi-12
Imishini yokuphakamisa (izintambo, amaketanga, izingwegwe, amasondo, amabhuleki, amadivayisi okuphepha)	Ukuhlolwa	Izinyanga eziyisi-6
Ojenereyitha bomusi bamapayipi omlilo	Ukuhlolwa ngaphandle	Izinyanga eziyi-12
Ojenereyitha bomusi bamapayipi omlilo	Isivivinyo sengcindezi yamanzi esifakazelwe nokutholwa kwemifantu	Izinyanga ezingu-36
Ezinye izitsha zengcindezi nojenereyitha bomusi	Ngokwe-PER kanye nemvume esebenzayo	Nge-PER / izindinganiso

Kwimishini ejwayelekile ngaphansi kwe-GMR, umsebenzi uwukugcina impahla ukuze ingavezi abantu engozini. Lokhu kusho indlela egxile engozini: impahla enengozi enkulu noma ebalulekile kufanele ibe nokuhlolwa nenkonzo evama kakhulu, okubhaliwe kuhlelo. Izincwadi zomkhiqizi kanye nanoma yiziphi izindinganiso zaseNingizimu Afrika (SANS) noma imithethonqubo yezimboni zingasho izikhathi ezengeziwe; lezi kufanele zifakwe ohlelweni lwakho lokulungisa. I-CMMS ingagcina lezi zikhathi futhi ikhiqize izincwadi zomsebenzi ukuze kungabi bikho okushiywa ngaphandle, futhi ingaphawula imisebenzi eseyiphuzile ukuze inakwe ngokushesha.

Izijeziso Zokungahambisani Nomthetho

Ukungahambisani ne-OHS Act nemithethonqubo yayo kungaholela esenzweni sokuqinisekiswa kwemithetho nemiphumela ebucayi.

Amacala e-GMR: Ukweqa izinhlinzeko ezithile ze-GMR (okuhlanganisa ukukhethwa komuntu okwazi ngokwanele, ukuvikelwa, ukusebenza, kanye nezaziso ezihlobene) kungaholela ekujezisweni ngemali noma ejele (ngaphansi kwemithethonqubo yamanje, kuze kufike ku-R1 000 noma izinyanga eziyisi-6, ngezijeziso zansuku zonke ngamacala aqhubekayo). Qaphela ukuthi imithethosivivinywa yezinguquko kanye nezinhlelo zezijeziso zokuphatha zingakhulisa lezi zamali.
Izijeziso zezokuphatha: Izinguquko ku-OHS Act ziletha amathuba ezijeziso zezokuphatha ezikhishwa ngabahloli ngokweqa impilo nokuphepha, ezingaba ngamandla kakhulu futhi zingasetshenziswa kucala ngalinye lokungahambisani nomthetho.
Ukushushiswa ngokomthetho wobugebengu: Ezimweni ezibucayi, okuhlanganisa lapho ukungenaki kuholela ekulimaleni noma ekufeni, abaqashi nabantu abanomthwalo bangase babhekane nokushushiswa ngokomthetho wobugebengu. Izijeziso zingahlanganisa izinhlawulo ezinkulu nejele; ukufa kungaholela emacaleni afana nokubulala ngobudedengu ngezigwebo ezinzima.

Ukwehluleka ukulungisa impahla, ukugcina amarekhodi, noma ukuhlela ukuhlolwa kungacaphulwa njengengxenye yokweqa i-Section 8 noma imithethonqubo. Ukugcina umkhondo ocacile wokulungiswa nokuhlolwa kusiza ukubonisa ukuthi uthathe izinyathelo ezisengqondweni ngokunokwenzeka ukuze uhambisane nomthetho. Ukugcina amarekhodi ngokuzimisela nakho kusheshisa izimpendulo ngesikhathi sokuphenywa kwesigameko noma ukuvakashelwa umhloli, lapho ungase ucelwe ukukhombisa ubufakazi bokuhlolwa nokulungiswa kwakamuva kwempahla ebandakanyekayo.

Indlela I-CMMS Esekela Ngayo Ukuhambisana Ne-OHS Act

Isistimu yokuphatha ukulungiswa ngekhompyutha (CMMS) ayithatheli indawo imithwalo yakho yomthetho, kodwa ingakusiza uhambisane nayo ngokuqhubekayo futhi ukufakazele kubahloli nakubacwaningimabhuku.

Amathempulethi Nezinqubo Ezijwayelekile

I-CMMS ingagcina amaplani omsebenzi ajwayelekile namabhalansi wokuhlolwa kanye nezivivinyo ezidingwa yi-GMR, i-PER, kanye nokuhlolwa kwakho kobungozi. Amathempulethi aqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo ezifanayo zilandelwa isikhathi ngasinye (isb. ukuvala, amaphuzu okuhlolwa, izimo zokuphumelela/ukwehluleka) nokuthi akukho okushiywayo. Lokhu kusekela kokubili i-Section 8 (izinhlelo zomsebenzi eziphephile) kanye nezimfuneko ezithile zomthethonqubo.

Ukuhlelwa Nezikhathi

Izimfuneko zokulungiswa ze-OHS Act kanye ne-PER zibeka izikhathi ezimisiwe (isb. izinyanga eziyisi-6, ezingu-12, ezingu-36). I-CMMS ingachaza lezi zikhathi ngempahla noma uhlobo lwempahla futhi ikhiqize izincwadi zomsebenzi ngokuzenzakalela lapho zifika. Lokhu kunciphisa ingozi yokuhlolwa okushiyiwe futhi kukusiza ukubonisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa kuhlelwa futhi kwenziwa ngesikhathi.

Umkhondo Wokucwaningwa Namarekhodi

Abahloli nabacwaningimabhuku balindele ukubona amarekhodi alokho okwenziwe, nini, futhi ngubani. I-CMMS egcina izincwadi zomsebenzi eziqediwe, okutholiwe, kanye nezenzo zokulandelela, ihlinzeka ngendawo eyodwa yomlando wokulungiswa nokuhlolwa. Uma isistimu isekela okunamathiselwe (isb. imibiko yokuhlolwa, izitifiketi), ungakwazi ukukuxhuma empahleni nasencwadini yomsebenzi, okwenza kube lula ukuletha ubufakazi ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa noma ukucwaningwa.

Ukusayina Ngedijithali Nabantu Abakwazi Ngokwanele

Lapho umsebenzi kudingeka wenziwe noma ugunyazwe ngumuntu okwazi ngokwanele, i-CMMS ingagcina ukuthi ubani owenze noma owasayina umsebenzi. Lokho kusekela isidingo se-GMR sokuba khona komuntu okhethiwe okwazi ngokwanele futhi kukusiza ukubonisa ukuthi ukuhlolwa nokulungiswa kwenziwe abasebenzi abagunyaziwe, abanezimfanelo.

Ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko zokulungiswa ze-OHS Act kusho ukuhlela ukuhlolwa ngesikhathi, ukugcina umkhondo ocacile wokucwaningwa, kanye nokuletha amarekhodi lapho umhloli noma umcwaningimabhuku ecela. Bona ukuthi i-Lungisa isiza kanjani imisebenzi yaseNingizimu Afrika ukuhlala ilungele ukucwaningwa ngokuhlolwa okuhleliwe, ukusayina komuntu okwazi ngokwanele, kanye nesistimu eyodwa yamarekhodi kwezokumbiwa, ukukhiqiza, nezakhiwo.

Lesi sihloko sesolwazi jikelele kuphela futhi asisho izeluleko zomthetho. Imisebenzi yokulungiswa nokuhlolwa incike emishini yakho ethile, impahla yengcindezi, kanye nezimo. Ukuze uthole izeluleko mayelana nemithwalo yakho ngaphansi kwe-OHS Act nemithethonqubo, xhumana nochwepheshe wezomthetho noqeqeshiwe wempilo nokuphepha.