Kubika Kweliphothifoliyo Lekutfutfukisa Tindlu: Ema-KPI Nembiko

Libhodi lakho alinandzaba kutsi Estate B yatsela ema-slab ngesikhatsi nangabe yonkhe inkampani iphelelwa yimali ngaNdasa. Nangabe umtfutfukisi waseNingizimu Afrika anemaskimu lamatsatfu nobe lamane lasebentako ngesikhatsi sinye, umbiko wenyanga uyashintja. Awusabi ngumbiko weliphrojekthi kuphela. Uba lithulusi lelikhulu lekunquma kutsi imali, bantfu kanye nekunakwa kuya kuphi ngemuva. Imibiko leminyenti yeliphothifoliyo iyehluleka kuloko msebenti. Ifika sekwephuzile, futsi wonkhe liskimu libukeka liluhlata kuze kutsi ngekushesha liphenduke libovu.

Lomhlahlandlela uchaza kutsi ungawakha njani umbiko weliphothifoliyo lekutfutfukisa tindlu lelibhodi, umlingani we-equity kanye nemboleki lomkhulu bangawusebentisa. Ubhekana nema-KPI lekufanele uwalandzele kuwo onkhe ema-estate, sakhiwo sembiko wenyanga kanye nemitsetfo ye-RAG (simo sibovu, i-amber neluhlata). Uphindze ubhekane nekuhlanganisa imali lengenako nema-drawdown, kutsengisa kucatsaniswa nekwakha, kanye netingibe letivamile nawuhlanganisa emaskimu.

Ngubani lofundza umbiko weliphothifoliyo nekutsi udzinga ini kuwo

Umbiko weliphothifoliyo unebafundzi labatsatfu nobe labane, futsi ngamunye ubuta umbuto lohlukile. Umbiko munye lobhalelwe wonkhe umuntfu ugcina uba ngemakhasi langu-40 lekute umuntfu lowafundza wedlula likhasi lesitsatfu.

Cala ngekubita bafundzi ngemagama kanye nesincumo ngamunye lekufanele asente:

Umfundzi	Umbuto lawubutako	Loko lekufanele akubone	Sikhatsi
Umcondzisi Lomkhulu / Umnikati	Nguliphi liskimu lelingidzingako kulenyanga?	Tinkinga letihlelwe ngekulandzelana, sikhala semali, tincumo letilindzile	Inyanga ngayinye, kanye nembiko lomfishane weliviki
Libhodi / ikomiti yekutfutsela	Libhizinisi lisendleleni yini futsi sivumelwano sekutsenga indzawo lesilandzelako siphephile yini?	Inzuzo yeliphothifoliyo, sidzingo lesiphakeme semali, lirejista letingoti	Inyanga ngayinye nobe ngelikota
Imboleki lenkhulu ne-QS yelibhange	Iloni iphephile yini, futsi i-drawdown ngayinye inesizatfu yini?	Inchubeko leciniseketiwe, tindleko tekucedza, sikhala se-covenant, kutsengisa kwekucala	Inyanga ngayinye, nge-facility ngayinye
Umlingani we-equity nobe we-mezzanine	Ngitayitfola nini imali yami, futsi ngayiphi inzuzo?	Inzuzo lelindzelekile, sikhatsi sema-transfer, kwabelana	Ngelikota

Emagama lambalwa kulelithebula. I-drawdown inkhokhelo lekhishwa ku-loni yekutfutfukisa (i-facility). I-QS (umlinganisi wetindleko) yelibhange ihlola inchubeko yesitandi ngaphambi kwe-drawdown ngayinye. Ema-covenant yimibandzela yeloni, njengekutsengisa kwekucala lokuphansi, futsi sikhala ngumkhawulo wakho ngaphambi kwekutsi uphule yinye yawo. Sidzingo lesiphakeme semali yinyanga libhizinisi ledzinga kuyo imali lenyenti kakhulu. Umlingani we-mezzanine uboleka ngemuva kwelibhange, ngenzuzo lenkhulu.

Imitsetfo lemibili iyalandzela. Kucala, umbiko wemboleki ngewe-facility ngayinye futsi umbiko webhodi ngewaliphothifoliyo lonkhe, ngako wehlukanise. Kwesibili, umbiko webhodi ngewetincumo. Likhasi ngalinye liphela nga “akudzingeki sento” nobe ngesincumo, umnikati nelilanga.

Ema-KPI labalulekile lekufanele uwalandzele kuyo yonkhe i-estate

Khetsa ema-KPI lambalwa, uwachaze kanye, futsi uwabale ngendlela lefanako kuwo onkhe liskimu. Kucatsanisa ema-estate yiyo injongo yekubika kweliphothifoliyo. Loko kusebenta kuphela nangabe “liphesenti leliphelile” lisho intfo lefanako eMidrand naseBallito.

Batfutfukisi labanyenti betindlu tekuhlala bagcina banawo ema-KPI lanjena ngemuva kwetikhatsi letimbalwa tekubika. Imingcele ye-RAG yimibonelo kuphela. Beka leyakho nelibhodi lakho nemaboleki akho.

I-KPI	Indlela yekuyichaza	Sibonelo semtsetfo we-RAG
Inchubeko kucatsaniswa neluhlelo	% yetikhomba temsebenti letinesisindvo letiphelile endlini ngayinye, tihlanganiswe nge-estate, kucatsaniswa neluhlelo lwe-baseline	Libovu nangabe lisemuva ngemaphoyinti emaphesenti langetulu kwa-5
Sikhatsi sekwakha indlu	Emalanga kusukela ku-setting out kuya ku-practical completion	Libovu nangabe lidlule umgomo nga-15%
Tindleko tekucedza	Tindleko letivunyelwene netingakakhokhwa, kungetwe kulindzela kwemsebenti lokungakaodelwa	Libovu nangabe kulindzela kwetindleko tekugcina kudlula sabelomali ne-contingency
Inzuzo lelindzelekile	Inzuzo etindlekweni nge-estate kucatsaniswa ne-feasibility (emaboleki avame kufuna 15% kuya ku-20%)	Libovu ngaphansi kwemkhawulo lovunyelwene nelibhodi nobe imboleki
Ema-drawdown laciniseketiwe kucatsaniswa nekulindzela	Linani leliciniseketwe yi-QS yelibhange kulenyanga kucatsaniswa nekulindzela kwemali lengenako	Libovu nangabe lingaphansi kwa-85% wekulindzela
Umgudvu wekutsengisa	Tindlu letibekelwe eceleni, letitsengisiwe, letinikwe i-bond, letidluliselwe	Libovu nangabe kutsengisa kwekucala kwehla ngaphansi kwesimo semboleki
Emalanga kuya ku-transfer	Kusukela i-bond inikwa kuya ekubhaliswa ku-Deeds Office	Libovu ngetulu kwemalanga langu-90
Kuvunywa lokusalindzile	Kuvunywa kwe-rezoning nekwelidolobha, tinhlelo tekwakha, kubhaliswa ku-NHBRC, titifiketi tekuhlala	Libovu nangabe kuvimba sigaba
Sikhala semali	I-facility lengakadvonswa nemali lekhona, kukhishwe imali letawuphuma etinyangeni leti-3 letitako	Libovu ngaphansi kwenyanga yinye yekukhokha

Inothi mayelana netikhomba temsebenti letinesisindvo. Batfutfukisi labanyenti baphendula inchubeko yendlu ibe liphesenti ngekunika sigaba ngasinye sisindvo: tisekelo, i-slab, i-wall plate, luphahla, kucedzela. Tisindvo atibaluleki njengekusebentisa luhlu lolufanako kuyo yonkhe i-estate. Nangabe sitandi sinye sibala ema-roof truss njenga-10% kantsi lesinye njenga-6%, linani lonkhe aliho lutfo.

Hlola licembu lakho lema-KPI: nangabe ungakwati kubala i-KPI ngendlela lefanako kuwo onkhe liskimu kusuka emirekhodini lesevele ikhona esitandi, yiyekele. I-KPI ledzinga i-spreadsheet lekhetsekile inyanga ngayinye itawube ingalungi ngenyanga yesitsatfu.

Indlela yekuhlela umbiko wenyanga weliphothifoliyo

Umbiko lomuhle weliphothifoliyo ufundvwa kusukela etulu kuya phansi: likhasi linye lekunquma, bese imininingwane kuphela kumaskimu layidzingako. Emalunga ebhodi kufanele akhone kuma ngemuva kwelikhasi lesibili futsi asati kutsi kufanele enteni.

Sakhiwo lesisebentako kumaskimu lamatsatfu kuya kulalishumi:

Sifinyeto selikhasi linye. Inzuzo yeliphothifoliyo, sikhala semali, inyanga yesidzingo lesiphakeme semali, tingoti letintsatfu letinkhulu kanye netincumo lotidzingako. Yibhale ngemisho, hhayi ngemashadi kuphela.
Igridi ye-RAG. Umugca munye nge-estate, likholamu linye nge-KPI kusuka kulithebula lelingetulu. Leli likhasi bantfu labalikhumbulako.
Imali lengenako lehlanganisiwe nema-drawdown. Kubuka kwetinyanga letili-12 letitako kuwo onkhe emaskimu, ne-facility ngayinye ikhonjiswa kucatsaniswa nemkhawulo wayo.
Kutsengisa kucatsaniswa nekwakha. Tindlu letakhiwe, letitsengisiwe naletidluliselwe nge-estate, netikhala tigcizelelwe.
Tindleko nenzuzo. Sabelomali, tindleko letivunyelwene, lokwentekile kanye netindleko tekucedza nge-estate, nekushintja kusukela enyangeni lendlulile.
Kuvunywa nekuhambisana nemtsetfo. Kuvunywa kukamasipala lokusalindzile, kubhaliswa ku-NHBRC netitifiketi tekuhlala, nemalanga lalindzelekile netindleko tekubambeka.
Tintfo letingakavami kuphela. Likhasi linye ngalinye kumaskimu labovu. Emaskimu laluhlata akatfoli likhasi.
Lirejista letingoti nencwadzi yetincumo. Loko lokwanqunywa enyangeni lendlulile, nangabe kwenteka, kanye naloko lokusha.

Gcina sakhiwo lesifanako inyanga ngayinye kuze bafundzi bati kutsi babuke kuphi. Umhlahlandlela wetfu we-software yekuphatsa kutfutfukiswa kwetindlu tekuhlala eliphothifoliyweni lemaphrojekthi lamanyenti ucatsanisa tidzingo teliphrojekthi linye naleti tesigaba seliphothifoliyo.

Kubeka imitsetfo ye-RAG lesho lutfo

Simo se-RAG sisebenta kuphela nangabe imitsetfo ibhalwe phansi ngaphambi kwekutsi tinombolo tifike. Ngaphandle kwaloko, wonkhe umphatsi weliphrojekthi ubika i-amber, yonkhe i-amber iphenduka libovu ebusuku bunye, futsi libhodi liyekela kwetsemba imibala.

Tindlela letintsatfu tenta i-RAG ibe lusito:

Bhala umkhawulo wayo yonkhe i-KPI. “Libovu nangabe inzuzo lelindzelekile yehla ngaphansi kwa-15%” ngumtsetfo. “Libovu nangabe sikhatsatekile” kumuva.
Khombisa umkhuba eceleni kwembala. I-amber lebeyiluhlata enyangeni lendlulile iphutfuma kakhulu kunaleyo lebeyimile tinyanga letisitfupha. Engeta umcibitsela.
Hlukanisa simo nesizatfu. Libovu ku-programme ngobe umasipala nobe i-Eskom abakaxhumanisi gesi lomkhulu yinkinga lehlukile kunekontraka lehamba kancane. Libhodi kufanele libone kutsi nguyiphi.

Caphela kubika kwe-”watermelon”: luhlata ngaphandle, libovu ngekhatsi. Luphawu loluvamile liskimu lelihlala liluhlata etindlekweni ngesikhatsi i-contingency yalo iphela. Bika i-contingency lesetjentisiwe njengemugca wayo, futsi utawubona kuphela kwayo ngekushesha. Umhlahlandlela wetfu wekweciwa kwetindleko tekwakha eNingizimu Afrika uchaza tizatfu letivamile.

Usakha umbiko webhodi kusuka etindzabeni teWhatsApp nekuvakashela titandi? Wakha ihlanganisa onkhe ema-estate ku-software yinye, ngenchubeko ye-Gantt, sabelomali kucatsaniswa nesekusetjentisiwe nge-ZAR, indzawo yekulawula imali lengenako kanye ne-analytics yeliphothifoliyo yemaphrojekthi lamanyenti: bona umbukiso we-software.

Kuhlanganisa imali lengenako nema-drawdown kuwo onkhe emaskimu

Liskimu ngalinye line-facility yalo, kodvwa libhizinisi linelibhalansi linye lasebhange, ngako imali kufanele ibikwe etigabeni tombili. Ingoti eliphothifoliyweni ayivami kuba liskimu linye lelisweleka. Yimaskimu lamabili nobe lamatsatfu ladzinga i-equity ngenyanga yinye.

Yakha kubuka lokuhlanganisiwe ngalendlela:

Lindzela imali lengenako naleyiphumako inyanga ngayinye ngeliskimu: umhlaba, inkhokhelo yemakontrakha, tindleko, imininikelo kamasipala, inzalo, ema-drawdown, imali yema-transfer kanye nekukhululwa kwe-retention.
Hlobanisa liskimu ngalinye ne-facility yalo bese ukhombisa ibhalansi ledvonsiwe kucatsaniswa nemkhawulo.
Hlanganisa emaskimu kuze utfole simo semali seliphothifoliyo ngenyanga.
Phawula inyanga yesidzingo lesiphakeme semali kanye ne-equity libhizinisi lekufanele liyifake ngaphambi kwaleso sikhatsi.

Sibonelo sema-estate lamatsatfu (tinombolo tisibonelo kuphela) sikhombisa kutsi kungani loku kubalulekile:

Inyanga	Estate A	Estate B	Estate C	Liphothifoliyo lonkhe
November	+R1,800,000	-R2,400,000	-R600,000	-R1,200,000
December	+R900,000	-R3,100,000	-R1,900,000	-R4,100,000
January	-R300,000	-R1,200,000	-R2,600,000	-R4,100,000
February	+R4,200,000	+R600,000	-R1,100,000	+R3,700,000

I-estate ngayinye yodvwa ibukeka ilawuleka. Kuhlangene, liphothifoliyo lishoda imali tinyanga letintsatfu tilandzelana: R1,200,000 ngaNovember, bese kuba yi-R4,100,000 ngaDecember naphindze ngaJanuary. Libhizinisi lidzinga i-R9,400,000 ngekuhlanganisa kwayo yonkhe kuze litsatfwe ngaphambi kwekutsi imali yema-transfer aFebruary ifike. Lokunyenti kwaleso sikhala kwenteka ngesikhatsi seholide yabakhi, lapho ema-transfer ehamba kancane. Umbiko weliphrojekthi linye ufihla loko.

Bika ema-drawdown ngelinani leliciniseketiwe, ngobe libhange likhokha ngenombolo ye-QS yalo. Khombisa i-retention njengemali lofanele uyikhokhe, nelilanga lekukhululwa. I-retention yingcenye yenkhokhelo ngayinye yekontrakha lotayibamba kuze kube ngumsebenti uphela. Ivame kukhululwa ngetigaba ngemuva kwe-practical completion, ngako kukontraka lenkhulu ingahambisa tigidzi temarandi emkhatsini wemakota. Umhlahlandlela wetfu we-software yemali lengenako yekutfutfukisa tindlu uchaza kulindzela kweliskimu linye. Tinhlaka tetimali ngemuva kwe-facility ngayinye tichazwa etimalini tekutfutfukisa tindlu tekuhlala eNingizimu Afrika.

Kubika kutsengisa kucatsaniswa nekwakha

Umtfutfukisi utfola imali nakwenteka i-transfer, ngako sikhala emkhatsini waloko lokwakhiwe naloko lokudluliselwe kulapho inzuzo icashe khona. Nangabe kutsengisa nekwakha kusemibikweni lehlukene, akekho lobona leso sikhala.

Beka konkhe kubili ekhasini linye nge-estate bese ulandzela tinombolo letine:

Letitsengisiwe kodvwa letingakacali. Batsengi balindze kwakhiwa. Ingoti: kuvunywa kwe-bond kuyaphela bese batsengi bahamba.
Letakhiwe kodvwa letingakatsengiswa. Tindlu letiphelile letingenamtsengi. Ingoti: tindleko tekutigcina nenzalo ngaphandle kwemali lengenako lebonakalako.
Letakhiwe futsi tatsengiswa kodvwa letingakadluliselwa. Sigaba lesibita kakhulu. Kutsengisa kwentiwe ephepheni, kodvwa kubambeke kuma-conveyancer, emabhange nobe esitifiketini sekuhlala lesingekho.
Letidluliselwe. Imali lesebhange.

Kumaskimu e-plot-and-plan, landzelela nekuhlolwa kwetigaba kwemlinganisi wenani welibhange. Sigaba ngasinye lesivunywa ngumlinganisi sikhulula inkhokhelo yenchubeko kusuka eloni yekwakha yemtsengi. Kumaskimu e-turnkey, linani lonkhe likhokhwa nakudluliselwa, ngako “letakhiwe kodvwa letingakadluliselwa” yi-KPI lekufanele uyinake.

Nangabe letakhiwe kodvwa letingakadluliselwa tikhula tinyanga letimbili tilandzelana, sizatfu sivame kuba tiphepha: sitifiketi sekuhlala lesephuzile, libhuku le-NHBRC lelingekho nobe umsebenti losalele emuva ku-conveyancer. Ngaphansi kwe-Housing Consumers Protection Measures Act, libhange alivunyelwe kuboleka ngendlu lensha lengakabhaliswa ne-NHBRC. Ngako kungabi khona kubhaliswa kumisa i-bond yemtsengi, ne-transfer nayo. Letinkinga tishibhile kutilungisa kodvwa tibita nangabe utinaba. Inchubo yekubhalisa ku-NHBRC ichaza emabhuku lavame kubambezela ema-transfer.

Sikhatsi sekubika: ngubani lovuselela ini, futsi nini

Umbiko wenyanga muhle kuphela njengemininingwane yeliviki neyelilanga lengaphansi kwawo. Nangabe inchubeko yesitandi ibhalwa kanye ngenyanga kusukela enkhumbulweni, umbiko ubika loko bantfu labetsemba kutsi kwenteka.

Sikhatsi lesisebentako kubatfutfukisi labanyenti labasemkhatsini:

Sikhatsi	Umsebenti	Umnikati
Lilanga ngalinye	Tikhomba temsebenti tendlu nekubhala edayarini yesitandi	Umphatsi wesitandi / foreman
Liviki ngalinye	Simo sema-transfer nema-conveyancer, umbiko lomfishane we-programme ku-MD	Umphatsi wetinkhokhelo, umcondzisi wekwakha
Inyanga ngayinye (lilanga 1 kuya ku-5)	Kulinganisa kwe-QS, i-drawdown leciniseketiwe, tindleko tekucedza	QS, timali
Inyanga ngayinye (lilanga 6 kuya ku-8)	Umbiko weliphothifoliyo uyakhishwa	Timali nobe ihhovisi lemaphrojekthi
Inyanga ngayinye (lilanga 10)	Kubuyeketwa kwebhodi nobe kwekomiti yebuphatsi	MD
Ngelikota	Kuhlola lokujulile nge-estate, kuvuselela i-feasibility	Libhodi

Batfutfukisi labanyenti beca sigaba selilanga ngalinye, kantsi siso lesenta konkhe lokunye kulunge. Nangabe licembu lesitandi libuyeketa imisebenti yendlu ngayinye nedayari yesitandi ngalelo langa, liphesenti leliphelile lenyanga lisekelwe emininingwaneni yamanje. I-software lenama-analytics eliphothifoliyo yemaphrojekthi lamanyenti, njenge-Wakha, ibese ihlanganisa onkhe ema-estate abe ngumbono munye. Utichazela tisindvo tema-KPI kanye, futsi umbiko ucala ngemininingwane lephilako.

Tingibe tekuhlanganisa lekufanele utigweme

Tinombolo letinyenti teliphothifoliyo tiba sephutseni nawuhlanganisa emaskimu. Leti tingibe tiyavela kabili nekabili.

Emakhodi etindleko lehlukene ngeliskimu. Nangabe Estate A ibhala tinsita letinkhulu ngaphansi kwa “civils” kantsi Estate B ngaphansi kwa “infrastructure”, umugca wetindleko weliphothifoliyo awusho lutfo. Sebentisa luhlu lunye lwemakhodi etindleko kuwo onkhe emaskimu.
Kuxuba lokuvunyelwene, lokunema-invoyisi nalokukhokhiwe. Khetsa sisekelo sinye ngelikholamu bese usibhala. Yakha tindleko tekucedza etindlekweni letivunyelwene. Ngaphandle kwaloko ema-oda asevele enteke ayanyamalala ekulindzeleni.
Emalanga ekugcina lahlukene. I-QS yinye ilinganisa nga-25, lenye ngelilanga lekugcina lenyanga. Fanisa emalanga ekugcina, ngaphandle kwaloko liphothifoliyo lihlanganisa tinyanga letimbili letehlukene.
Kuphatfwa kwe-VAT. Bika tinombolo tonkhe tifaka nobe tingafaki i-VAT. Kwente ngendlela lefanako kuze kube sekugcineni, futsi usho kutsi nguyiphi ekhasini ngalinye.
Tikweleti emkhatsini wetinkampani tesigaba. Batfutfukisi labanyenti bagcina i-estate ngayinye enkampanini yayo (special purpose vehicle, nobe i-SPV). Susa tikweleti emkhatsini waleto tinkampani ekubukeni lokuhlanganisiwe kwemali, ngaphandle kwaloko ubala imali lefanako kabili.
Ema-baseline e-feasibility lamadzala. Inzuzo “kucatsaniswa ne-feasibility” ayisho lutfo nangabe i-feasibility ineminyaka lemitsatfu. Yivuselele ngalokusemtsetfweni, ubhale lilanga, bese ugcina leyekucala kuze ucatsanise.

Umphetfo

Kubika lokuhle kweliphothifoliyo lekutfutfukisa tindlu kusebentisa ema-KPI lambalwa lachazwe kahle, lalinganiswa ngendlela lefanako kuwo onkhe liskimu. Wadlise ngemininingwane yesitandi lebhalwa ngesikhatsi umsebenti wenteka, futsi uwethule ngembiko loholela etincumweni. Cala ngemakhasi lamabili: imali lengenako lehlanganisiwe nekutsengisa kucatsaniswa nekwakha. Ndzawonye aveta tinkinga letinyenti letilimata batfutfukisi baseNingizimu Afrika.

Imibuto Lehlala Ibutwa

Yini kubika kweliphothifoliyo ekutfutfukiseni tindlu?

Kubika kweliphothifoliyo ekutfutfukiseni tindlu ngumbiko wesikhatsi ngesikhatsi lohlanganisa wonkhe liskimu lelisebentako ekubukeni kunye. Uhlanganisa inchubeko, tindleko tekucedza, inzuzo, imali lengenako, ema-drawdown nekutsengisa, kulinganiswe ngendlela lefanako ku-estate ngayinye. Kusita umnikati, libhodi nebaxhasi kunquma kutsi imali nekunakwa kuya kuphi ngemuva.

Umbiko wenyanga weliphothifoliyo lekutfutfukisa tindlu kufanele ufake ini?

Sifinyeto selikhasi linye lesinetincumo, igridi ye-RAG nge-estate, imali lengenako lehlanganisiwe yetinyanga leti-12, kanye nekutsengisa kucatsaniswa nekwakha. Bese tindleko nenzuzo, kuvunywa kanye nelirejista letingoti. Engeta emakhasi etintfo letingakavami kuphela kumaskimu labovu.

Umtfutfukisi kufanele alandzele ema-KPI lamangaki kuliphothifoliyo?

Lasiphohlongo kuya kulalishumi nambili avame kwanela. Inye ngayinye kufanele ibalwe ngendlela lefanako kuwo onkhe liskimu, kusuka emirekhodini lesevele ikhona.

Umbiko wemboleki wehluke njani kumbiko webhodi?

Umbiko wemboleki uhlanganisa i-facility yinye. Ukhombisa inchubeko leciniseketiwe, tindleko tekucedza, kutsengisa kwekucala kanye nesikhala se-covenant seleso skimu. Umbiko webhodi uhlanganisa liphothifoliyo lonkhe: inzuzo yonkhe, sidzingo lesiphakeme semali, tingoti kanye netincumo. Yakha yomibili kusuka emininingwaneni lefanako.

Liphesenti leliphelile ulibala njani kuma-estate lamanyenti?

Sebentisa luhlu lwetikhomba temsebenti letinesisindvo ngeluhlobo lwendlu, nesisindvo lesifanako kuyo yonkhe i-estate. Hlanganisa emaphesenti etindlu kuya ku-estate, bese kuya eliphothifoliyweni, kulinganiswe ngenani lesabelomali. Bika umphumela kucatsaniswa ne-programme ye-baseline, kuze libhodi libone kubambeka kanye nenchubeko.

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