Ukubika Kwephothifoliyo Yokuthuthukiswa Kwezindlu: Ama-KPI Nephakethe

Ibhodi yakho ayinandaba ukuthi i-Estate B ithele amaslabhu ngesikhathi uma ibhizinisi lonke liphelelwa yimali ngoMashi. Uma umthuthukisi waseNingizimu Afrika esenamaskimu amathathu noma amane asebenza ngasikhathi sinye, umbiko wenyanga uyashintsha. Awusafani nesibuyekezo sephrojekthi. Uba yithuluzi eliyinhloko lokunquma ukuthi imali, abantu nokunaka kuya kuphi ngokulandelayo. Iningi lemibiko yephothifoliyo liyehluleka kulo msebenzi. Lifika sekwephuzile, futhi wonke amaskimu abukeka eluhlaza aze abe bomvu kungazelelwe.

Lo mhlahlandlela uchaza indlela yokwakha ukubika kwephothifoliyo yokuthuthukiswa kwezindlu okungasetshenziswa yibhodi, uzakwethu we-equity nomboleki omkhulu. Uhlanganisa ama-KPI okulandelwa kuwo wonke ama-estate, isakhiwo sephakethe lenyanga nemithetho ye-RAG (isimo esibomvu, esi-amber, esiluhlaza). Futhi uhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa i-cash flow nama-drawdown, ukuthengisa kumelene nokwakha, kanye nezicupho ezivamile lapho kuhlanganiswa amaskimu.

Ubani ofunda umbiko wephothifoliyo nokuthi udingani kuwo

Umbiko wephothifoliyo unabafundi abathathu noma abane, futhi ngamunye ubuza umbuzo ohlukile. Iphakethe elilodwa elibhalelwe wonke umuntu ligcina liyimakhasi angu-40 angafundwa muntu ngale kwekhasi lesithathu.

Qala ngokubala abafundi kanye nesinqumo ngamunye okufanele asenze:

Umfundi	Umbuzo awubuzayo	Lokho okudingeka akubone	Isikhathi
Umqondisi Ophethe / Umnikazi	Yisiphi iskimu esidinga mina kule nyanga?	Izinkinga ezihlelwe ngokubaluleka, imali esele, izinqumo ezilindile	Ngenyanga, kanye nombiko omfushane wesonto
Ibhodi / ikomidi lokutshala imali	Ingabe ibhizinisi lisendleleni futhi ukuthenga umhlaba olandelayo kuphephile?	Inzuzo yephothifoliyo, imali ephezulu kakhulu edingekayo, irejista yezingozi	Ngenyanga noma ngekota
Umboleki omkhulu ne-QS yebhange	Ingabe isikweletu siphephile, futhi ingabe i-drawdown ngayinye ifanele?	Inqubekelaphambili eqinisekisiwe, izindleko zokuqedela, isikhala sezivumelwano, ukuthengisa kusengaphambili	Ngenyanga, ngesikweletu ngasinye
Uzakwethu we-equity noma we-mezzanine	Ngizoyibuyisa nini imali yami, futhi ngayiphi inzuzo?	Inzuzo elinganiselwe, isikhathi sokudluliswa, ukwabiwa kwenzuzo	Ngekota

Amanye amagama kuleyo thebula. I-drawdown yinkokhelo ekhishwa esikweletini sokuthuthukisa (i-facility). I-QS (umlinganisi wezindleko zokwakha) yebhange ihlola inqubekelaphambili yesayithi ngaphambi kweyodwa neyodwa. Izivumelwano (covenants) yimibandela yesikweletu, njengokuthengisa okuncane kusengaphambili, futhi isikhala sezivumelwano yimali esele ngaphambi kokuba wephule eyodwa yazo. I-peak funding yinyanga lapho ibhizinisi lidinga imali ephezulu kakhulu. Uzakwethu we-mezzanine uboleka ngemuva kwebhange, ngenzuzo ephezulu.

Kulandela imithetho emibili. Okokuqala, iphakethe lomboleki ngelesikweletu ngasinye kanti iphakethe lebhodi ngelephothifoliyo, ngakho wagcine ehlukene. Okwesibili, iphakethe lebhodi ngelezinqumo. Ikhasi ngalinye liphela ngokuthi “asikho isenzo esidingekayo” noma ngesinqumo, umnikazi nosuku.

Ama-KPI ayinhloko okufanele alandelwe kuyo yonke i-estate

Khetha iqoqo elincane lama-KPI, uwachaze kanye, bese uwabala ngendlela efanayo kuwo wonke amaskimu. Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwama-estate yiyona nhloso yonke yokubika kwephothifoliyo. Lokho kusebenza kuphela uma “iphesenti eliqediwe” lisho into efanayo eMidrand naseBallito.

Iningi labathuthukisi bezindlu zokuhlala ligcina linama-KPI afana nalawa ngemva kwemijikelezo embalwa yokubika. Imingcele ye-RAG iyizibonelo kuphela. Misa eyakho nebhodi yakho nababoleki bakho.

I-KPI	Indlela yokuyichaza	Isibonelo somthetho we-RAG
Inqubekelaphambili kumelene nohlelo	Iphesenti lezigaba ezinesisindo eliqediwe ngeyuniti, elihlanganiswe nge-estate, kumelene nohlelo oluyisisekelo	Bomvu uma kusemuva ngamaphuzu amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-5
Isikhathi sokwakha ngeyuniti	Izinsuku kusukela ekumakeni isiza kuya ekuqedeni okusebenzayo	Bomvu uma kungu-15% ngaphezu kwethagethi
Izindleko zokuqedela	Izindleko ezizibophezele ezingakakhokhwa, kanye nokulinganisela komsebenzi ongakaodwa	Bomvu uma ukulinganisela kwezindleko zokugcina kungaphezu kwesabelomali nemali yezimo eziphuthumayo
Inzuzo elinganiselwe	Inzuzo ezindlekweni nge-estate, kumelene nocwaningo lokwenzeka (ababoleki bavame ukubheka u-15% kuya ku-20%)	Bomvu ngaphansi kwezinga elivunyelwene ngalo nebhodi noma nomboleki
Ama-drawdown aqinisekisiwe kumelene nokulinganisela	Inani eliqinisekiswe yi-QS yebhange kule nyanga, kumelene nokulinganisela kwe-cash flow	Bomvu uma kungaphansi kuka-85% wokulinganisela
Umzila wokuthengisa	Amayuniti abekiwe, athengisiwe, anebhondi egunyaziwe, adlulisiwe	Bomvu uma ukuthengisa kusengaphambili kwehla ngaphansi kombandela womboleki
Izinsuku kuya ekudlulisweni	Kusukela ekugunyazweni kwebhondi kuya ekubhalisweni e-Deeds Office	Bomvu ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezingu-90
Izimvume ezisalindile	Izimvume zokushintshwa kwendawo nezelokishi, amapulani okwakha, ukubhaliswa kwe-NHBRC, izitifiketi zokuhlala	Bomvu uma zivimba isigaba
Imali esele	Isikweletu esingakakhishwa nemali ekhona, kukhishwe imali ephumayo ezinyangeni ezi-3 ezizayo	Bomvu ngaphansi kwenyanga eyodwa yemali ephumayo

Inothi mayelana nezigaba ezinesisindo. Iningi labathuthukisi liguqula inqubekelaphambili yeyuniti ibe iphesenti ngokunika isigaba ngasinye isisindo: izisekelo, islabhu, i-wall plate, uphahla, ukuqedela. Izisindo azibalulekile kangako njengokusebenzisa uhlu olufanayo kuyo yonke i-estate. Uma isayithi elilodwa libala ama-roof truss njengo-10% kanti elinye njengo-6%, isiphumo lapho asinamqondo.

Hlola iqoqo lakho lama-KPI: uma ungakwazi ukubala i-KPI ngendlela efanayo kuwo wonke amaskimu kusukela kumarekhodi asevele ekhona esayithini, yilahle. I-KPI edinga isipredishithi esikhethekile njalo ngenyanga izobe inephutha ngenyanga yesithathu.

Indlela yokwakha iphakethe lephothifoliyo lenyanga

Iphakethe elihle lephothifoliyo lifundeka kusukela phezulu kuya phansi: ikhasi elilodwa lokunquma, bese imininingwane kuphela yamaskimu ayidingayo. Amalungu ebhodi kufanele akwazi ukuma ngemuva kwekhasi lesibili futhi asazi okufanele kwenziwe.

Lesi sakhiwo sisebenza kumaskimu amathathu kuya kwayishumi:

Isifinyezo sekhasi elilodwa. Inzuzo yephothifoliyo, imali esele, inyanga yemali ephezulu kakhulu edingekayo, izingozi ezintathu ezinkulu kanye nezinqumo ozidingayo. Sibhale ngemisho, hhayi ngamashadi kuphela.
Igridi ye-RAG. Umugqa owodwa nge-estate nekholomu eyodwa nge-KPI ethebuleni elingenhla. Leli yikhasi abantu abalikhumbulayo.
I-cash flow nama-drawdown ahlanganisiwe. Umbono wezinyanga eziyi-12 ezizayo kuwo wonke amaskimu, nesikweletu ngasinye siboniswa kumelene nomkhawulo waso.
Ukuthengisa kumelene nokwakha. Amayuniti akhiwe, athengisiwe futhi adlulisiwe nge-estate, nezikhala ziqhakanjisiwe.
Izindleko nenzuzo. Isabelomali, izindleko ezizibophezele, ezangempela nezindleko zokuqedela nge-estate, kanye noshintsho kusukela ngenyanga edlule.
Izimvume nokuthobela. Izimvume zikamasipala ezisalindile, ukubhaliswa kwe-NHBRC nezitifiketi zokuhlala, nezinsuku ezilindelekile kanye nezindleko zokubambezeleka.
Okungajwayelekile kuphela. Ikhasi elilodwa ngeskimu ngasinye esibomvu. Amaskimu aluhlaza awatholi khasi.
Irejista yezingozi nencwadi yezinqumo. Okwanqunywa ngenyanga edlule, ukuthi kwenzeka yini, nokusha.

Gcina iphakethe linesakhiwo esifanayo njalo ngenyanga ukuze abafundi bazi lapho bebheka khona. Umhlahlandlela wethu wesoftware yokuphatha ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlu zokuhlala yephothifoliyo yamaphrojekthi amaningi uqhathanisa izidingo zephrojekthi eyodwa nezephothifoliyo.

Ukumisa imithetho ye-RAG enomqondo

Isimo se-RAG sisebenza kuphela uma imithetho ibhalwe phansi ngaphambi kokuba izinombolo zifike. Ngaphandle kwalokho wonke umphathi wephrojekthi ubika i-amber, i-amber iba bomvu ngobusuku obubodwa, futhi ibhodi iyeka ukwethemba imibala.

Imikhuba emithathu yenza i-RAG ibe wusizo:

Bhala umngcele we-KPI ngayinye. “Bomvu uma inzuzo elinganiselwe yehla ngaphansi kuka-15%” ngumthetho. “Bomvu uma sikhathazekile” kungumuzwa.
Bonisa umkhuba eduze kombala. I-amber ebiluhlaza ngenyanga edlule iphuthuma kakhulu kunaleyo ebizinzile izinyanga eziyisithupha. Engeza umcibisholo.
Hlukanisa isimo nembangela. Ubomvu ohlelweni ngoba umasipala noma i-Eskom ingakaxhumi ugesi omkhulu yinkinga ehlukile kunosonkontileka ohamba kancane. Ibhodi kufanele ibone ukuthi yikuphi.

Qaphela ukubika “kwekhabe”: luhlaza ngaphandle, bomvu ngaphakathi. Uphawu oluvamile yiskimu esihlala siluhlaza ezindlekweni ngesikhathi imali yezimo eziphuthumayo iphela. Bika imali yezimo eziphuthumayo esetshenzisiwe njengomugqa wayo, futhi uzobona ukuphela kwayo kusenesikhathi. Umhlahlandlela wethu wokweqiwa kwezindleko zokwakha eNingizimu Afrika uhlanganisa izimbangela ezivamile.

Usakha iphakethe lebhodi ngezibuyekezo ze-WhatsApp nokuvakashela isayithi? I-Wakha ihlanganisa wonke ama-estate kusoftware eyodwa, ngenqubekelaphambili ye-Gantt, isabelomali kumelene nokusetshenzisiwe kwangempela nge-ZAR, isikhungo sokulawula i-cash flow nokuhlaziya kwamaphrojekthi amaningi ephothifoliyo: bona umboniso womkhiqizo.

Ukuhlanganisa i-cash flow nama-drawdown kuwo wonke amaskimu

Iskimu ngasinye sinesikweletu saso, kodwa ibhizinisi linebhalansi eyodwa yasebhange, ngakho imali kufanele ibikwe kuwo womabili amazinga. Ingozi ephothifoliyo ayivamile ukuba yiskimu esisodwa esintula imali. Kungamaskimu amabili noma amathathu adinga i-equity ngenyanga efanayo.

Yakha umbono ohlanganisiwe ngale ndlela elandelanayo:

Linganisela imali engenayo nephumayo ngenyanga ngeskimu ngasinye: umhlaba, izinkokhelo zikasonkontileka, izimali zezinkokhelo, iminikelo kamasipala, inzalo, ama-drawdown, imali yokudluliswa nokukhululwa kwemali egciniwe.
Xhumanisa iskimu ngasinye nesikweletu saso. Bonisa ibhalansi ekhishiwe kumelene nomkhawulo.
Hlanganisa amaskimu ukuze uthole isimo semali yephothifoliyo ngenyanga ngayinye.
Phawula inyanga yemali ephezulu kakhulu edingekayo kanye ne-equity okufanele ibhizinisi liyifake ngaphambi kwalokho.

Lesi sibonelo sama-estate amathathu (izinombolo zokuchaza kuphela) sibonisa ukuthi kungani lokhu kubalulekile:

Inyanga	Estate A	Estate B	Estate C	Isamba sephothifoliyo
Novemba	+R1,800,000	-R2,400,000	-R600,000	-R1,200,000
Disemba	+R900,000	-R3,100,000	-R1,900,000	-R4,100,000
Januwari	-R300,000	-R1,200,000	-R2,600,000	-R4,100,000
Februwari	+R4,200,000	+R600,000	-R1,100,000	+R3,700,000

I-estate ngayinye iyodwa ibukeka ilawuleka. Zihlangene, iphothifoliyo inemali ephumayo engaphezu kwengenayo izinyanga ezintathu zilandelana: R1,200,000 ngoNovemba, bese kuba R4,100,000 ngoDisemba naphinde ngoJanuwari. Ibhizinisi lidinga ukuvikeleka okungu-R9,400,000 sekukonke ngaphambi kokuba imali engenayo yokudluliswa kukaFebruwari ifike. Iningi lalesi sikhala liwela ngesikhathi seholide labakhi, lapho ukudluliswa kunensa. Umbiko wephrojekthi ngayinye uyakufihla lokho.

Bika ama-drawdown ngenani eliqinisekisiwe, ngoba ibhange likhokha ngenombolo ye-QS yalo. Bonisa imali egciniwe njengemali ongakayikhokhi, nosuku lokukhululwa. Imali egciniwe yingxenye yenkokhelo ngayinye kasonkontileka oyigcinayo kuze kuphele umsebenzi. Ivame ukukhululwa ngezigaba ngemva kokuqedwa okusebenzayo, ngakho enkontilekeni enkulu ingahambisa izigidi zamarandi phakathi kwamakota. Indlela yokulinganisela iskimu esisodwa isemhlahlandlela wethu wesoftware ye-cash flow yokuthuthukiswa kwezindlu. Imali ngemuva kwesikweletu ngasinye ichazwe ezimalini zokuthuthukiswa kwezindlu zokuhlala eNingizimu Afrika.

Ukubika ukuthengisa kumelene nokwakha

Umthuthukisi uthola imali ekudlulisweni, ngakho isikhala phakathi kwalokho okwakhiwe nalokho okudlulisiwe yilapho inzuzo icasha khona. Uma ukuthengisa nokwakha kusemibikweni eyehlukene, akekho obona leso sikhala.

Kubeke kokubili ekhasini elilodwa nge-estate bese ulandela izinombolo ezine:

Kuthengisiwe kodwa akuqalwanga. Abathengi balinde ukwakhiwa. Ingozi: izimvume zebhondi ziyaphelelwa futhi abathengi bayahamba.
Kwakhiwe kodwa akuthengiswanga. Amayuniti aqediwe angenamthengi. Ingozi: izindleko zokugcina nenzalo kungekho mali engenayo ebonakalayo.
Kwakhiwe kwathengiswa kodwa akudluliswanga. Leli yiqembu elibiza kakhulu. Ukuthengisa kwenziwe ephepheni, kodwa kubambekile kuma-conveyancer, emabhange noma esitifiketini sokuhlala esingekho.
Kudlulisiwe. Imali isebhange.

Kumaskimu e-plot-and-plan, landela nokuhlolwa kwezigaba komlinganisi wenani webhange. Isigaba ngasinye esiqinisekiswa ngumlinganisi sikhulula inkokhelo yenqubekelaphambili evela esikweletini sokwakha somthengi. Kumaskimu e-turnkey, intengo ephelele ikhokhwa ekudlulisweni, ngakho “kwakhiwe kodwa akudluliswanga” yi-KPI okufanele ibhekwe.

Uma “kwakhiwe kodwa akudluliswanga” kukhula izinyanga ezimbili zilandelana, imbangela ngokuvamile ingeyamaphepha: isitifiketi sokuhlala esephuzile, idokhumenti ye-NHBRC engekho noma umsebenzi oqoqekile ku-conveyancer. Ngaphansi kwe-Housing Consumers Protection Measures Act, ibhange alivunyelwe ukuboleka ngekhaya elisha elingabhalisiwe ku-NHBRC. Ngakho ukungabikho kokubhaliswa kuyivimba ibhondi yomthengi, futhi kuvimbe nokudlulisa. Lezi zinkinga ziyashibha ukuzilungisa kodwa ziyabiza ukuzishaya indiva. Inqubo yokubhaliswa kwe-NHBRC ichaza amadokhumenti avame ukubambezela ukudlulisa.

Isikhathi sokubika: ubani obuyekeza ini, futhi nini

Iphakethe lenyanga lihle kuphela njengedatha yesonto neyansuku zonke engaphansi kwalo. Uma inqubekelaphambili yesayithi iqoshwa kanye ngenyanga ngenkumbulo, iphakethe libika lokho abantu abathemba ukuthi kwenzekile.

Lesi sikhathi sisebenzela iningi labathuthukisi abaphakathi nendawo:

Kangaki	Umsebenzi	Umnikazi
Nsuku zonke	Izigaba zamayuniti nokubhalwa kwedayari yesayithi	Umphathi wesayithi / foreman
Ngesonto	Isimo sokudluliswa nama-conveyancer, umbiko omfushane wohlelo ku-MD	Umphathi wokuthengiselana, umqondisi wokwakha
Ngenyanga (usuku 1 kuya ku-5)	Ukulinganiswa kwe-QS, i-drawdown eqinisekisiwe, izindleko zokuqedela	I-QS, ezezimali
Ngenyanga (usuku 6 kuya ku-8)	Iphakethe lephothifoliyo liyakhishwa	Ezezimali noma ihhovisi lamaphrojekthi
Ngenyanga (usuku 10)	Ukubuyekezwa kwebhodi noma kwekomidi lenhloko	I-MD
Ngekota	Ukuhlola okujulile nge-estate, ukuvuselelwa kocwaningo lokwenzeka	Ibhodi

Iningi labathuthukisi leqa isinyathelo sansuku zonke, kanti yiso esenza konke okunye kunembe. Uma ithimba lesayithi libuyekeza imisebenzi yeyuniti ngayinye kanye nedayari yesayithi ngalolo suku, iphesenti eliqediwe lenyanga lithembele kudatha yamanje. Isoftware enokuhlaziya kwamaphrojekthi amaningi ephothifoliyo, efana ne-Wakha, bese ihlanganisa wonke ama-estate abe umbono owodwa. Uchaza izisindo zama-KPI kanye kuphela, futhi iphakethe liqala ngedatha ephilayo.

Izicupho zokuhlanganisa okufanele uzigweme

Iningi lezinombolo zephothifoliyo liyaphazama lapho kuhlanganiswa amaskimu. Lezi zicupho zivela njalo.

Amakhodi ezindleko ahlukene ngeskimu ngasinye. Uma i-Estate A ibhala izinsizakalo ezinkulu ngaphansi kuka-”civils” kanti i-Estate B ngaphansi kuka-”infrastructure”, umugqa wezindleko zephothifoliyo awunamqondo. Sebenzisa uhlu olulodwa lwamakhodi ezindleko kuwo wonke amaskimu.
Ukuxuba okuzibophezele, okwenzelwe i-invoyisi nokukhokhiwe. Khetha isisekelo esisodwa ngekholomu ngayinye bese usibhala. Yakha izindleko zokuqedela ezindlekweni ezizibophezele. Ngaphandle kwalokho ama-oda osuwenzile ayanyamalala ekulinganiseleni.
Izinsuku zokuvala ezihlukene. I-QS eyodwa ilinganisa ngomhla ka-25, enye ngosuku lokugcina lwenyanga. Qondanisa izinsuku zokuvala, ngaphandle kwalokho iphothifoliyo ihlanganisa izinyanga ezimbili ezihlukene.
Indlela ye-VAT. Bika konke kungaba kufaka noma kungafaki i-VAT. Kwenze ngendlela efanayo yonke indawo, futhi usho ukuthi yikuphi ekhasini ngalinye.
Imali eboleswe phakathi kwezinkampani zeqembu. Abathuthukisi abaningi babamba i-estate ngayinye enkampanini yayo (i-special purpose vehicle, noma i-SPV). Susa imali eboleswe phakathi kwalezo zinkampani embonweni ohlanganisiwe we-cash flow, ngaphandle kwalokho uzobala imali efanayo kabili.
Izisekelo ezindala zocwaningo lokwenzeka. Inzuzo “kumelene nocwaningo lokwenzeka” ayisho lutho uma ucwaningo lineminyaka emithathu. Lubuyekeze ngokusemthethweni, ubhale usuku, bese ugcina olokuqala ukuze uqhathanise.

Isiphetho

Ukubika okuhle kwephothifoliyo yokuthuthukiswa kwezindlu kusebenzisa iqoqo elincane lama-KPI acacile, abalwa ngendlela efanayo kuwo wonke amaskimu. Wondle ngedatha yesayithi eqoshwa njengoba umsebenzi wenzeka, bese uwabonisa ephaketheni eliholela ezinqumweni. Qala ngamakhasi amabili: i-cash flow ehlanganisiwe nokuthengisa kumelene nokwakha. Aveza iningi lezinkinga ezilimaza abathuthukisi baseNingizimu Afrika.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kuyini ukubika kwephothifoliyo ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlu?

Ukubika kwephothifoliyo ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlu ngumbiko ojwayelekile ohlanganisa wonke amaskimu asebenzayo embonweni owodwa. Uhlanganisa inqubekelaphambili, izindleko zokuqedela, inzuzo, i-cash flow, ama-drawdown nokuthengisa, kulinganiswe ngendlela efanayo ku-estate ngayinye. Usiza umnikazi, ibhodi nabaxhasi ngezimali ukunquma ukuthi imali nokunaka kuya kuphi ngokulandelayo.

Yini okufanele ibe sembikweni wenyanga wephothifoliyo yokuthuthukiswa kwezindlu?

Isifinyezo sekhasi elilodwa esinezinqumo, igridi ye-RAG nge-estate, i-cash flow ehlanganisiwe yezinyanga ezingu-12, nokuthengisa kumelene nokwakha. Bese izindleko nenzuzo, izimvume kanye nerejista yezingozi. Engeza amakhasi okungajwayelekile kuphela kumaskimu abomvu.

Mangaki ama-KPI okufanele umthuthukisi awalandele ephothifoliyo?

Ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwayishumi nambili ngokuvamile anele. Ngalinye kufanele libalwe ngendlela efanayo kuwo wonke amaskimu, kusukela kumarekhodi asevele ekhona.

Umbiko womboleki uhluke kanjani kombiko webhodi?

Umbiko womboleki uhlanganisa isikweletu esisodwa. Ubonisa inqubekelaphambili eqinisekisiwe, izindleko zokuqedela, ukuthengisa kusengaphambili nesikhala sezivumelwano salelo skimu. Umbiko webhodi uhlanganisa iphothifoliyo yonke: inzuzo iyonke, imali ephezulu kakhulu edingekayo, izingozi nezinqumo. Yakha yomibili kusukela kudatha efanayo.

Ulibala kanjani iphesenti eliqediwe kuma-estate amaningi?

Sebenzisa uhlu lwezigaba ezinesisindo kuyuniti ngayinye, usebenzise izisindo ezifanayo kuyo yonke i-estate. Hlanganisa amaphesenti amayuniti kuya ku-estate, bese kuba yiphothifoliyo, ngokwesisindo senani lesabelomali. Kubike kumelene nohlelo oluyisisekelo, ukuze ibhodi ibone ukubambezeleka kanye nenqubekelaphambili.

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