Tinxaka ta Tikontraka ta Vukaki Afrika-Dzonga | JBCC, NEC, GCC, FIDIC

Ku tirhisa muxaka wo hoxeka wa kontraka ya vukaki e Afrika-Dzonga swi nga endla leswaku tender ya wena yi nga amukeriwi, ku hakela ku hlwela, kumbe u sala u rhwale khombo leri kontraka a yi nga endleriwanga ku ri avanyisa. Vaxavi va sekithara ya mfumo va tala ku boha GCC kumbe NEC; vukaki bya phurayivhete byi tirhisa JBCC. Ku nga fambelani swi tisa timholovo, ntshikelelo wa cash flow, na khombo ra ku nga landzeleli milawu.

Ku na tikitara ta tikontraka ta mune leti fumaka makete: JBCC (Joint Building Contracts Committee) ya mintirho ya vukaki bya phurayivhete, NEC (New Engineering Contract) ya inifrasitirakchara ya mfumo na injhiniyaringi, GCC (General Conditions of Contract) ya tiphurojeke ta mindzawulo ya mfumo, na FIDIC ya mintirho ya matiko yo hambana. Yin’wana na yin’wana yi lawula payment certificate, ku cinca, na ku aviwa ka khombo hi ndlela leyi hambaneke. Xiletelo lexi xi hlamusela muxaka wun’wana na wun’wana wa kontraka ya vukaki e Afrika-Dzonga, nkarhi wo yi tirhisa, na ndlela yo yi fambisa kahle.

Nkatsakanyo wa Xivumbeko xa Tikontraka ta Vukaki e Afrika-Dzonga

Xivumbeko xa tikontraka ta vukaki e Afrika-Dzonga xi akiwa hi swilaveko swa tisekithara, leswi vaxavi va swi tsakelaka, na milawu ya vulawuri. Ku twisisa xivumbeko lexi swi ku pfuna ku hlawula kontraka leyi faneleke ni ku yi fambisa hi ndlela leyi lulameke.

Xiphemu xa Makete hi Muxaka wa Kontraka

JBCC — Yi fuma mintirho ya vukaki bya phurayivhete, yi ringanyetiwa eka 60–70% ya makete wa vukaki bya phurayivhete
NEC — Yi kula hi xihatla eka sekithara ya mfumo, ngopfu-ngopfu inifrasitirakchara na injhiniyaringi, yi ringanyetiwa eka 20–30% ya tikontraka ta mfumo
GCC — Ya ha ri ntolovelo eka tiphurojeke ta mindzawulo ya mfumo, yi ringanyetiwa eka 40–50% ya tikontraka ta mfumo
FIDIC — Yi tirhisiwa ngopfu eka tiphurojeke ta matiko yo hambana na mintirho ya ku tlula mindzilakano, xiphemu xa yona xa makete i xitsongo

Leswi Tisekithara ti Swi Tsakelaka

Vukaki bya phurayivhete — JBCC i ntolovelo
Inifrasitirakchara ya mfumo — NEC kumbe GCC swi ya hi muxavi
Mindzawulo ya mfumo — GCC hi yona leyi tala ku bohiwa
Parastatals na timasipala letikulu — Ta tala ku boha NEC
Tiphurojeke ta matiko yo hambana — FIDIC yi tala ku tirhisiwa

Ku Khumba ka Milawu

Milawu ya CIDB — Tiphurojeke to tala ta mfumo ti lava GCC kumbe NEC
Swileriso swa muxavi — Vaxavi va mfumo va tala ku veka muxaka wa kontraka eka tidokhumenti ta tender
Mimpimo ya indasitiri — JBCC, NEC, GCC na FIDIC hinkwato ti amukeriwa tanihi mimpimo ya indasitiri

JBCC: Ntolovelo wa Sekithara ya Phurayivhete

Tisuti ta Joint Building Contracts Committee (JBCC) hi tona foromo ya kontraka leyi tirhisiwaka ngopfu eka sekithara ya phurayivhete ya Afrika-Dzonga. Yi endleriwe mintirho ya vukaki hi ku kongoma — ya vutshamo, ya mabindzu, na ya tiindasitiri — naswona yi rhandziwa hi vaendli va tiphurojeke ta ndhawu, vaxavi va phurayivhete, na tikhontirakita leti tirhaka eka tiphurojeke ta phurayivhete.

Tisuti ta Tikontraka ta JBCC

Suti ya JBCC yi katsa tinxaka to hlayanyana ta tikontraka:

Principal Building Agreement (PBA) — Hi yona kontraka leyikulu ya mintirho ya vukaki, leyi tala ku tirhisiwa eka tiphurojeke leti hundzaka R500,000. Yi katsa milawu ya:

Ku cinca na variation order
Ku engeteriwa ka nkarhi
Payment certificate na interim payment
Practical completion na defects liability
Ku lulamisiwa ka timholovo (adjudication na arbitration)

Minor Works Agreement — Kontraka leyi olovisiweke ya tiphurojeke letitsongo leti nga ehansi ka R500,000. Yi na matirhelo yo koma na swilaveko leswi nga ha riki swo tika, naswona yi faneleka eka:

Tiphurojeke letitsongo ta vutshamo
Ku lunghisa lokutsongo
Small commercial fit-outs
Tiphurojeke leti ku tika hinkwako ka PBA ku nga lavekiki

Nominated Subcontract Agreement — Ku lawula nominated subcontractor eka tiphurojeke ta JBCC. Nominated subcontractor va hlawuriwa hi muxavi kumbe principal agent, kutani main contractor a lawula ntirho wa vona.

Selected Subcontract Agreement — Ku lawula selected subcontractor (lava hlawuriwaka hi contractor kambe va pfumeleriwa hi muxavi).

Laha JBCC Yi Tirhisiwaka Kona

JBCC yi tirhisiwa ngopfu eka:

Mivumbeko ya vutshamo bya phurayivhete — Tindlu, ticomplex, estates
Tiphurojeke ta mivombiso ya mabindzu — Tiofisi, tisenthara ta vuxavi, tiwarehouse
Vukaki bya tiindasitiri — Tifektri, tiwarehouse, switirhisiwa swa tiindasitiri
Tiphurojeke ta property development — Tiphurojeke hinkwato ku suka eka feasibility ku ya eka handover
Inifrasitirakchara ya phurayivhete — Laha ku nga bohiwangiki ndlela yin’wana

Endlelo ra Ku Hakela eka JBCC

JBCC yi tirhisa endlelo ra ntolovelo ra interim payment certificate:

Ku pimiwa ka n’hweti na n’hweti — Contractor u rhumela xikombelo xa n’hweti na n’hweti xa ntirho lowu hetiweke
Ku kambela ka Principal Agent — Principal Agent (architect kumbe quantity surveyor) u kambela ntirho kutani a humesa Interim Payment Certificate (IPC)
Leswi certificate yi nga na swona — IPC yi katsa ntirho lowu hetiweke, switirhisiwa leswi nga eka site, ku hungutiwa ka retention (hi ntolovelo 5–10%), swihakeriwa leswi hundzeke, na mali leyi faneleke ku hakeriwa
Ku hakela — Muxavi u hakela endzhaku ka masiku ya 14–21 ku sukela eka ku humesiwa ka certificate
Final certificate — Endzhaku ka practical completion, ku humesiwa Final Payment Certificate

Swihlawulekisi swa nkoka:

Ti-certificate ti humesiwa n’hweti na n’hweti
Retention yi ntshunxiwa hi swiphemu (hafu eka practical completion, hafu ya vumbirhi eku heteleleni ka defects liability period)
Ku cinca ku nghenisiwa eka ti-certificate loko ku pfumeriwile
Milawu ya ku hakela: masiku ya 14–21 ku suka siku ra certificate

Eka nkongomiso wo enta hi JBCC payment certificate, vona nkongomiso wa hina wa JBCC payment certificate guide.

Ku Aveliwana ka Khombo eka JBCC

JBCC yi landzelela muxaka wa ntolovelo wa ku aviwa ka khombo:

Khombo ra contractor: Khwalithi ya ntirho, switirhisiwa, ku hlwela ka nkarhi (loko ku nga ri na xivangelo lexi amukelekaka), ku tlula ka budget
Khombo ra muxavi: Swihoxo swa dizayini (loko dizayini yi humesiwe hi muxavi), force majeure, swiyimo swa misava (loko swi nga paluxiwanga)
Khombo leri averiwaka: Ku cinca, ku hlwela loku vangiwaka hi muxavi kumbe agent

JBCC yi le xikarhi eka ku ringanisela, kambe yi nga tlhela yi va ni ku lwisana loko timholovo ti huma hikuva ku aviwa ka khombo ku tala ku hlamuseriwa hi ku tika.

Ku Lulamisiwa ka Timholovo eka JBCC

JBCC yi tirhisa endlelo ra ntolovelo ra ku lulamisa timholovo:

Xiboho xa Principal Agent — Xiboho xo sungula hi principal agent
Adjudication — Timholovo ti nga rhumeriwa eka adjudication
Arbitration — Ku lulamisa ko hetelela hi arbitration
Litigation — Swi nga ya emahlweni etikhoto loko arbitration yi nga humeleli

Endlelo leri ri nga hlwela naswona ri nga tswala ku lwisana, timholovo to tala ti ya fika eka arbitration kumbe litigation.

NEC: Ntolovelo wa Sekithara ya Mfumo na Injhiniyaringi

Suti ya New Engineering Contract (NEC) yi ya yi duma ngopfu e sekithara ya mfumo ya Afrika-Dzonga ni le ka tiphurojeke ta injhiniyaringi. Eku sunguleni yi tumbuluxiwe e UK, NEC4 yi amukeriwe hi parastatals letikulu na timetro ta Afrika-Dzonga eka mintirho ya inifrasitirakchara ni injhiniyaringi.

Tisuti ta Tikontraka ta NEC

Suti ya NEC yi katsa tinxaka to hlayanyana ta tikontraka:

NEC4 Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC) — Kontraka leyikulu ya injhiniyaringi ni vukaki. Yi nyika swihlawulekisi swo tala:

Option A: Priced contract leyi nga na activity schedule
Option B: Priced contract leyi nga na bill of quantities
Option C: Target contract leyi nga na activity schedule
Option D: Target contract leyi nga na bill of quantities
Option E: Cost reimbursable contract
Option F: Management contract

NEC4 Professional Services Contract (PSC) — Eka vatshamaxitulu na vukorhokeri bya vuphrofexinali.

NEC4 Term Service Contract — Eka mintirho ya ku hlayisa ni service contract leyi yaka emahlweni.

Laha NEC Yi Tirhisiwaka Kona

NEC yi tirhisiwa ngopfu eka:

Tiphurojeke ta magondzo ta SANRAL — Ku aka ni ku antswisa magondzo ya rixaka na ya swifundzha
Inifrasitirakchara ya gezi ya Eskom — Tiphurojeke ta ku humesa, ku hundzisa, na ku phakeriwa ka gezi
Tiphurojeke ta xitimela ni ribuwa ta Transnet — Inifrasitirakchara ya xitimela, switirhisiwa swa ribuwa, inifrasitirakchara ya logistics
Tiphurojeke ta inifrasitirakchara ya timetro — City of Cape Town, City of Johannesburg, na timetro tin’wana
Inifrasitirakchara ya mati — Rand Water, timasipala, ku basisa ni ku hangalasa mati
Tiphurojeke ta injhiniyaringi — Tiphurojeke leti lavaka ntirho wa ntirhisano ni early warning system

Endlelo ra Ku Hakela eka NEC

NEC yi tirhisa endlelo ra ku hakela leri simekiweke eka activities kumbe target cost, ku ya hi option leyi hlawuriweke:

Ku heta activity — Contractor u heta activities (kumbe ku fikelela target cost milestones)
Ku kambela ka Project Manager — Project Manager u kambela ntirho lowu hetiweke
Payment certificate — Project Manager u humesa payment certificate (ko tala swi va n’hweti-nharhu kumbe mavhiki mambirhi)
Leswi certificate yi nga na swona — Yi katsa nkoka wa activities leti hetiweke, percentage ya target cost (loko ku ri Option C/D), retention (loko yi ri kona), swihakeriwa leswi hundzeke, na mali leyi faneleke ku hakeriwa
Ku hakela — Muxavi u hakela eka nkarhi lowu boxiweke eka kontraka
Final account — Final account yi lunghisiwa endzhaku ka completion

Swihlawulekisi swa nkoka:

Swiendlakalo swa ku hakela swi va hi ku hatlisa (ko tala mavhiki mambirhi)
Ku hakela ku simekiwe eka activity kumbe target cost
Early warning system yi pfuna ku sivela timholovo ta ku hakela
Endlelo ra ntirhisano ri hunguta ku hlwela

Ku Aveliwana ka Khombo eka NEC

NEC yi tirhisa muxaka wa ntirhisano wa ku aveliwana ka khombo:

Early warning system — Matlhelo hamambirhi ma fanele ku tivisa hi swiphiqo leswi nga vaka kona
Compensation events — Swiendlakalo leswi hlamuseriweke leswi endlaka ku lulamisiwa ka nkarhi ni ntsengo
Khombo leri averiwaka — Ku kongomisiwa eka ku lulamisa swiphiqo hi ku tirhisana
Ku vonakala — Vuhlanganisi lebyi pfulekeke ni ku avelana khombo

NEC yi endliwile ku hunguta timholovo hi early warning ni ntirho wa ntirhisano, hambiswiritano yi lava vulawuri bya kontraka lebyi tirhaka masiku hinkwawo.

Ku Lulamisiwa ka Timholovo eka NEC

NEC yi na endlelo leri hleleke kahle ro lulamisa timholovo:

Early warning — Swiphiqo swi tivisiwa hi ku hatlisa hi endlelo ra switsundzuxo
Xiboho xa Project Manager — Xiboho xo sungula hi project manager
Adjudication — Timholovo ti yisiwa eka adjudication (ku hatlisa ku tlula arbitration)
Arbitration/Litigation — Ku lulamisa ko hetelela loko swi laveka

Early warning system ya NEC yi pfuna ku sivela timholovo, naswona adjudication yi tala ku hatlisa ku tlula arbitration.

GCC: Ntolovelo wa Mfumo

General Conditions of Contract for Construction Works (GCC) yi bohiwa eka tiphurojeke to tala ta mindzawulo ya mfumo e Afrika-Dzonga. Yi kandziyisiwa hi South African Institution of Civil Engineering (SAICE) naswona yi laveka eka tiphurojeke leti welaka ehansi ka milawu ya CIDB.

Tisuti ta Tikontraka ta GCC

Suti ya GCC yi katsa:

GCC 2015 — Vheseni ya sweswi ya mintirho ya vukaki, yi kandziyisiwile hi SAICE.

GCC for Engineering and Construction Works — Eka tiphurojeke ta injhiniyaringi.

GCC for Small Works — Vheseni leyi olovisiweke ya tiphurojeke letitsongo.

Laha GCC Yi Tirhisiwaka Kona

GCC yi tirhisiwa ngopfu eka:

Tiphurojeke ta mindzawulo ya mfumo wa rixaka — Tiphurojeke leti endliwaka hi mindzawulo ya mfumo wa rixaka
Mintirho ya mfumo wa xifundzha — Tiphurojeke ta vukaki bya swifundzha
Tiphurojeke ta timasipala — Laha ku nga tirhisiwikiki NEC, timasipala to tala ti tirhisa GCC
Vukaki bya mfumo lebyi bohiwaka hi CIDB — Tiphurojeke leti welaka ehansi ka milawu ya CIDB
Tiphurojeke ta ntolovelo ta measure-and-value — Tiphurojeke leti tirhaka hi ku pima ni nkoka

Endlelo ra Ku Hakela eka GCC

GCC yi tirhisa endlelo ra ntolovelo ra measure-and-value:

Ku pimiwa ka n’hweti na n’hweti — Engineer u pima ntirho lowu hetiweke hi nkarhi wa n’hweti
Certificate ya Engineer — Engineer u humesa payment certificate ya n’hweti na n’hweti
Leswi certificate yi nga na swona — Yi katsa nkoka wa ntirho lowu pimiweke, switirhisiwa leswi nga eka site, ku hungutiwa ka retention (hi ntolovelo 5–10%), swihakeriwa leswi hundzeke, na mali leyi faneleke ku hakeriwa
Ku hakela — Muxavi u hakela endzhaku ka masiku ya 30 ku sukela loko certificate yi humesiwile
Final certificate — Endzhaku ka completion, ku humesiwa Final Payment Certificate

Swihlawulekisi swa nkoka:

Endlelo ro pima leri nga ra ximfumo
Ti-certificate ta n’hweti na n’hweti
Retention yi humesiwa hi swiyenge
Milawu ya ku hakela: masiku ya 30 (ku leha ku tlula JBCC)

Ku Aveliwana ka Khombo eka GCC

GCC yi landzelela muxaka wa ntolovelo lowu vekenaka khombo ro tala eka contractor:

Khombo ra contractor: Tikhombo to tala ta phurojeke, ku katsa xiyimo xa misava, ku hlwela hikwalaho ka maxelo, ku tlula ka ntsengo
Khombo ra muxavi: Ri tsongo — ngopfu swihoxo swa dizayini na force majeure
Endlelo ra ximfumo — Ku hlamuseriwa ka marito ya kontraka hi ku tika

GCC yi tala ku yisa khombo ro tala eka contractor, leswi endlaka leswaku swi tikela tikhontirakita kambe swi nyika vaxavi ku tiyiseka lokukulu.

Ku Lulamisiwa ka Timholovo eka GCC

GCC yi tirhisa endlelo ra ximfumo ro lulamisa timholovo:

Xiboho xa Engineer — Xiboho xo sungula hi engineer
Dispute Adjudication Board — DAB yi nga tirhisiwa eka timholovo
Arbitration — Ku lulamisa ko hetelela hi arbitration
Litigation — Swi nga ya emahlweni etikhoto

Endlelo ra GCC i ra ximfumo naswona ri nga hlwela, timholovo to tala ti lava arbitration.

FIDIC: Ntolovelo wa Matiko yo Hambana

Tikontraka ta FIDIC (Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Conseils) ti tirhisiwa ngopfu eka tiphurojeke ta matiko yo hambana na mintirho ya ku tlula mindzilakano e Afrika-Dzonga. Hambileswi ti nga vulavuriki ngopfu ku fana na JBCC, NEC kumbe GCC, FIDIC i ya nkoka eka tikhontirakita ta matiko yo hambana ni tiphurojeke leti nga ni timali ta vaphakeri va le handle.

Tisuti ta Tikontraka ta FIDIC

Suti ya FIDIC yi katsa:

FIDIC Red Book — Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and Engineering Works Designed by the Employer.

FIDIC Yellow Book — Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build.

FIDIC Silver Book — Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey Projects.

FIDIC Green Book — Short Form of Contract.

Laha FIDIC Yi Tirhisiwaka Kona

FIDIC yi tirhisiwa ngopfu eka:

Tiphurojeke ta matiko yo hambana — Tiphurojeke leti nga ni tikhontirakita ta le handle kumbe timali ta le handle
Mintirho ya ku tlula mindzilakano — Tiphurojeke leti anameke eka matiko yo tala
Timali ta misava hinkwayo — Tiphurojeke leti hakeriwaka hi tibangi ta ntuthukiso ta misava
Inifrasitirakchara leyikulu — Tiphurojeke tin’wana letikulu ta inifrasitirakchara ti hlawula FIDIC

Endlelo ra Ku Hakela eka FIDIC

FIDIC yi tirhisa endlelo ra ntolovelo ra payment certificate leri fanaka na GCC:

Payment certificate ya n’hweti na n’hweti leyi simekiweke eka ntirho lowu pimiweke
Engineer u humesa ti-certificate
Ku hakela eka nkarhi lowu boxiweke (ko tala masiku ya 56)
Retention hi ntolovelo 5–10%

Ku Aveliwana ka Khombo eka FIDIC

Ku aviwa ka khombo eka FIDIC ku ya hi foromo ya kontraka:

Red Book — Ku aviwa ka khombo loku ringaneke
Yellow Book — Khombo ro tala eka contractor (design-build)
Silver Book — Khombo lerikulu ngopfu eka contractor (EPC/turnkey)

Ku Lulamisiwa ka Timholovo eka FIDIC

FIDIC yi tirhisa Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB) na arbitration:

Xiboho xa Engineer — Xiboho xo sungula hi engineer
DAB — Timholovo ti yisiwa eka Dispute Adjudication Board
Arbitration — Ku lulamisa ko hetelela hi arbitration

Tikontraka ta Subcontract

Tikontraka ta subcontract ti tirhisiwa loko main contractor a thola subcontractor. Muxaka wa subcontract agreement wu ya hi ndlela leyi subcontractor a hlawuriweke ha yona.

Nominated Subcontractor

Nominated subcontractor va hlawuriwa hi muxavi kumbe principal agent. Main contractor u lawula ntirho wa vona kambe u na vulawuri lebyi ringaniseriweke eka ku hlawula.

Swivumbeko:

Va hlawuriwa hi muxavi/principal agent
Main contractor u lawula ntirho
Muxavi u tala ku hakela hi ku kongoma kumbe hi main contractor
Main contractor u na vutihlamuleri lebyi ringaniseriweke eka ku tirha ka nominated subcontractor

Swi tala ku kumeka eka: Tiphurojeke ta JBCC laha muxavi a lavaka vaphakeri kumbe vatshila vo karhi.

Domestic Subcontractor

Domestic subcontractor va hlawuriwa hi main contractor. Main contractor u na vulawuri hinkwabyo eka ku hlawula na ku lawula.

Swivumbeko:

Va hlawuriwa hi main contractor
Main contractor u lawula ntirho
Main contractor u hakela subcontractor
Main contractor u na vutihlamuleri hinkwabyo eka ku tirha ka subcontractor

Swi tala ku kumeka eka: Tinxaka hinkwato ta tikontraka laha main contractor a hlawulaka subcontractor.

Tiforomo ta Subcontract Agreement

Subcontract agreement yi tala ku tekelela foromo ya main contract:

JBCC Nominated/Selected Subcontract Agreement — Eka tiphurojeke ta JBCC
NEC Subcontract — Eka tiphurojeke ta NEC
GCC Subcontract — Eka tiphurojeke ta GCC
FIDIC Subcontract — Eka tiphurojeke ta FIDIC

Thebulu ra Ku Fananisa: Tinxaka ta Tikontraka

Xivumbeko	JBCC	NEC	GCC	FIDIC
Tirhiselo ra Nhloko	Mintirho ya vukaki bya phurayivhete	Injhiniyaringi/inifrasitirakchara ya mfumo	Tiphurojeke ta mindzawulo ya mfumo	Tiphurojeke ta matiko yo hambana
Xiphemu xa Makete	60–70% phurayivhete	20–30% mfumo	40–50% mfumo	Xitsongo (tiphurojeke ta matiko yo hambana)
Nkarhi wa Ku Hakela	Ti-certificate ta n’hweti na n’hweti	Mavhiki mambirhi (ko tala)	Ti-certificate ta n’hweti na n’hweti	Ti-certificate ta n’hweti na n’hweti
Milawu ya Ku Hakela	Masiku ya 14–21	Swi hambana hi option	Masiku ya 30	Ko tala masiku ya 56
Motheo wa Ku Hakela	Ntirho lowu hetiweke (lump sum)	Activities/target cost	Measure and value	Measure and value
Retention	5–10% hi ntolovelo	Swi hambana hi option	5–10% hi ntolovelo	5–10% hi ntolovelo
Ku Aveliwana ka Khombo	Ntolovelo lowu ringaneke	Ntirhisano/ku averiwa	Contractor-heavy	Swi hambana hi foromo
Ku Lulamisa Timholovo	Adjudication → Arbitration	Early warning → Adjudication	DAB → Arbitration	DAB → Arbitration
Endlelo ra Ku Cinca	Variation order ya ximfumo	Compensation events	Variation order ya ximfumo	Variation orders
Early Warning System	E-e	Ina (ya boha)	E-e	E-e
Ntirhisano	Exikarhi	Ehenhla	Ehansi	Exikarhi
Ku Tika ka Endlelo	Exikarhi	Ehenhla	Exikarhi	Ehenhla
Nxavo wa Phurojeke lowu Tlwaelekeke	R500K – R100M+	R10M – R1B+	R1M – R500M+	R50M – R10B+
Swi Faneleka Eka	Tiphurojeke ta vukaki bya phurayivhete	Inifrasitirakchara/injhiniyaringi ya mfumo	Mintirho ya mindzawulo ya mfumo	Tiphurojeke ta matiko yo hambana
Vulawuri bya Kontraka	Principal Agent	Project Manager	Engineer	Engineer

Swilo leswi Kongomisaka Ku Hlawuriwa ka Muxaka wa Kontraka

Swilo swo tala swi khumba leswaku hi wihi muxaka wa kontraka lowu faneleke ku tirhisiwa:

Sekithara ya Phurojeke

Vukaki bya phurayivhete — JBCC i ntolovelo
Inifrasitirakchara ya mfumo — NEC kumbe GCC ku ya hi muxavi
Mindzawulo ya mfumo — GCC hi yona leyi tala ku bohiwa
Tiphurojeke ta matiko yo hambana — FIDIC yi tolovelekile

Swilaveko swa Muxavi

Xileriso xa muxavi — Vaxavi vo tala va boxa foromo ya kontraka eka tidokhumenti ta tender
Ku tsakela ka muxavi — Vaxavi van’wana va tsakela tiforomo to karhi hi ku ya hi ntokoto
Swilaveko swa milawu — Tiphurojeke tin’wana hi nawu ti lava tiforomo to karhi ta tikontraka

Muxaka wa Phurojeke

Mintirho ya vukaki — JBCC yi faneleka
Inifrasitirakchara/injhiniyaringi — NEC kumbe GCC yi faneleka
Ya matiko yo hambana — FIDIC yi faneleka

Ku Tiyimisela eka Khombo

Khombo leri ringaneke — JBCC kumbe FIDIC Red Book
Ku averiwa ka khombo hi ntirhisano — NEC
Muxavi u lava ku tiyiseka — GCC kumbe FIDIC Silver Book

Leswi Swi Tsakeriwaka eka Ku Hakela

Ku hakela ka ntolovelo ka n’hweti na n’hweti — JBCC, GCC, FIDIC
Ku hakela ko tala hi nkarhi wo koma — NEC
Ku hakela loku simekiweke eka activities — NEC

Maendlelo ya Ku Hakela hi Muxaka wa Kontraka

Ku twisisa ndlela leyi ku hakela ku tirhaka ha yona ehansi ka muxaka wun’wana na wun’wana wa kontraka swi bohlokwa eka vulawuri bya cash flow.

Endlelo ra Ku Hakela ra JBCC

Interim payment certificate ta n’hweti na n’hweti leti humesiwaka hi Principal Agent
Ku hakela endzhaku ka masiku ya 14–21 ku sukela eka ku humesiwa ka certificate
Retention hi ntolovelo 5–10%, yi humesiwa hi swiphemu
Ku cinca ku katsiwa eka ti-certificate loko ku pfumeriwile

Eka nkongomiso wa vuxokoxoko, vona nkongomiso wa hina wa JBCC payment certificate guide.

Endlelo ra Ku Hakela ra NEC

Payment certificate ta mavhiki mambirhi kumbe n’hweti na n’hweti leti humesiwaka hi Project Manager
Motheo wa ku hakela wa activity kumbe target cost
Ku hakela eka nkarhi lowu boxiweke (swi ya hi option ya kontraka)
Compensation events ti katsiwa eka ku hakela
Early warning system yi pfuna ku sivela timholovo ta ku hakela

Endlelo ra Ku Hakela ra GCC

Payment certificate ta n’hweti na n’hweti leti humesiwaka hi Engineer
Motheo wa ku hakela wa measure-and-value
Ku hakela endzhaku ka masiku ya 30 ku suka eka ku humesiwa ka certificate
Retention hi ntolovelo 5–10%, yi humesiwa hi swiphemu
Endlelo ro pima ra ximfumo

Endlelo ra Ku Hakela ra FIDIC

Payment certificate ta n’hweti na n’hweti leti humesiwaka hi Engineer
Motheo wa ku hakela wa measure-and-value
Ku hakela endzhaku ka masiku ya 56 hi ntolovelo (swi ya hi kontraka)
Retention hi ntolovelo 5–10%
Endlelo ro pima ra ximfumo

Eka nkongomiso wa payment certificate eka tinxaka hinkwato ta tikontraka, vona nkongomiso wa hina wa progress payment certificates in South Africa.

Ku Lawula Tinxaka to Tala ta Tikontraka ta Vukaki Endhawini Yin’we

Ku lawula payment certificate, ku cinca, na retention eka JBCC, NEC, GCC na FIDIC eka sisiteme yin’we swi hunguta ntirho wa admin na swihoxo swa ku hakela. Software leyi endleriweke indasitiri ya vukaki ya Afrika-Dzonga yi nga humesa ti-certificate leti landzelaka kontraka, yi landzelela masiku yo humesa retention, yi tlhela yi vhumbha cash flow eka tinxaka hinkwato ta tikontraka leswaku u tshama u ri emahlweni ka masiku ya ku hakela naswona u papalata timholovo.

Swivutiso Leswi Vutisiwaka Ngopfu

Hi wihi muxaka wa kontraka lowu ndzi faneleke ku wu tirhisa eka phurojeke ya vutshamo bya phurayivhete?

Eka tiphurojeke ta vutshamo bya phurayivhete, JBCC hi yona foromo ya kontraka ya ntolovelo. Tirhisa Principal Building Agreement (PBA) eka tiphurojeke leti hundzaka R500,000, kumbe Minor Works Agreement eka tiphurojeke letitsongo leti nga ehansi ka R500,000. JBCC yi twisisiwa kahle hi tikhontirakita ta Afrika-Dzonga naswona yi endleriwe mintirho ya vukaki hi ku kongoma.

Ndzi nga tirhisa JBCC eka phurojeke ya sekithara ya mfumo?

Hi ku angarhela, e-e. Tiphurojeke ta sekithara ya mfumo hi ntolovelo ti boha NEC (eka parastatals na timetro) kumbe GCC (eka mindzawulo ya mfumo). Hambiswiritano, tiphurojeke tin’wana letitsongo ta mfumo kumbe tiphurojeke leti nga ni swilaveko swo hlawuleka ti nga pfumela JBCC. Minkarhi hinkwayo kambela tidokhumenti ta tender — ti ta boxa foromo ya kontraka leyi lavekaka.

Ku hambana kwihi exikarhi ka JBCC Principal Building Agreement na Minor Works Agreement?

Principal Building Agreement (PBA) hi yona kontraka leyi heleleke ya JBCC eka tiphurojeke leti tala ku va henhla ka R500,000. Yi katsa milawu yo enta ya ku cinca, ku engeteriwa ka nkarhi, na ku lulamisa timholovo. Minor Works Agreement i vheseni leyi olovisiweke ya tiphurojeke letitsongo leti nga ehansi ka R500,000, yi ri ni maendlelo lama olovaka ni swilaveko leswi nga riki swo tika.

Hikwalaho ka yini parastatals ti tsakela NEC ku tlula GCC?

Parastatals to fana na SANRAL, Eskom, na Transnet ti tsakela NEC hikuva:

Ntirhisano — Early warning system ya NEC yi tlakusa ntirhisano naswona yi hunguta timholovo
Vulawuri bya khombo byo antswa — Early warning system yi pfuna ku lemuka no lawula tikhombo hi nkarhi
Ku hakela hi ku hatlisa — Maendlelo yo hakela lama endlaka nkarhi wo koma ma antswisa cash flow ya contractor
Ntolovelo wa misava hinkwayo — NEC yi tirhisiwa emisaveni hinkwayo, yi tisa ku fana eka tikhontirakita ta matiko yo hambana
Ku koteka ku cincacinca — NEC yi nyika swihlawulekisi swo tala swa kontraka (lump sum, target cost, cost reimbursable) leswaku swi ringana tinxaka ta tiphurojeke to hambana

Ndzi nga cinca foromo ya kontraka exikarhi ka phurojeke?

E-e. Loko kontraka yi sayiniwile, u boheka eka foromo yoleyo eka nkarhi hinkwawo wa phurojeke. Ku cinca tiforomo exikarhi ka phurojeke swi ta lava ku herisiwa ka kontraka ya khale ni ku nghena eka yin’wana leyintshwa, leswi nga taleki ku va swa ntirhiseko kumbe swo amukeleka. Hlawula foromo ya kontraka hi vukheta eku sunguleni ka phurojeke.

Ndzi swi tiva njhani leswaku hi yihi foromo ya kontraka leyi ndzi faneleke ku yi tirhisa?

Foromo ya kontraka hi ntolovelo yi boxiwa eka tidokhumenti ta tender kumbe project brief. Eka tiphurojeke ta vukaki bya phurayivhete, JBCC hi yona ntolovelo. Eka inifrasitirakchara ya mfumo, kambela loko muxavi a boha NEC kumbe GCC. Loko u nga tiyangi, burisana na lawyer wa nawu wa vukaki kumbe quantity surveyor loyi a tivaka tiforomo ta tikontraka ta Afrika-Dzonga.

Ku endleka yini loko ndzi tirhisa foromo yo hoxeka ya kontraka?

Ku tirhisa foromo yo hoxeka ya kontraka swi nga va ni switandzhaku leswikulu:

Ku susiwa eka tender — Tenders ta mfumo ti tala ku susa swikombelo leswi nga tirhisiki foromo leyi boxiweke ya kontraka
Ku hlwela ka ku hakela — Foromo yo hoxeka yi nga tisa ku kanakana ni ku hlwela ka ku hakela
Khombo ra timholovo — Tiforomo ta tikontraka ti avela khombo hi tindlela to hambana — ku tirhisa leyi hoxekeke swi nga ku siya u pfulekile eka khombo
Swiphiqo swa ku landzelela — Tiphurojeke tin’wana hi nawu ti lava tiforomo to karhi ta tikontraka (xik.: tiphurojeke ta CIDB)

Minkarhi hinkwayo tirhisa foromo ya kontraka leyi boxiweke eka tidokhumenti ta tender kumbe ntwanano wa phurojeke.

Wakha yi seketela tinxaka hinkwato letikulu ta tikontraka?

Ina. Wakha yi seketela ku endliwa ka payment certificate ta JBCC, NEC, GCC na FIDIC, vulawuri bya ku cinca, na vulawuri bya kontraka. U nga fambisa tiphurojeke leti nga ehansi ka tiforomo to hambana ta tikontraka eka sisiteme yin’we, yi ri ni workflows na tifomati ta certificate leti kongomeke eka muxaka wun’wana na wun’wana.

Ku hambana kwihi exikarhi ka nominated na domestic subcontractor?

Nominated subcontractor va hlawuriwa hi muxavi kumbe principal agent, main contractor a lawula ntirho wa vona kambe a ri na vulawuri lebyi ringaniseriweke eka ku hlawula. Domestic subcontractor va hlawuriwa hi main contractor, kutani main contractor a va ni vulawuri hinkwabyo na vutihlamuleri hinkwabyo. Muxaka lowu wu khumba ndlela ya ku hakela, vutihlamuleri, na ntirho wa vulawuri.

Makumu

Ku hlawula muxaka lowu faneleke wa kontraka ya vukaki e Afrika-Dzonga — JBCC, NEC, GCC kumbe FIDIC — i swa nkoka eka ku landzelela tender, ku fambafamba ka ku hakela, na ku aviwa ka khombo. JBCC yi fuma vukaki bya phurayivhete; NEC na GCC ti fuma mintirho ya mfumo; FIDIC yi kongoma eka tiphurojeke ta matiko yo hambana. Ku twisisa ndlela leyi yin’wana na yin’wana yi lawulaka payment certificate, ku cinca na ku lulamisa timholovo swi ku pfuna ku hlawula foromo leyi faneleke no yi fambisa hi ndlela leyinene.

Ku lawula tinxaka ta tikontraka ta vukaki e Afrika-Dzonga — JBCC, NEC, GCC na FIDIC payment certificate, retention na cash flow — eka pulatifomo yin’we leyi endliweke ku landzelela swilaveko swa ndhawu na ku yisa emahlweni phurojeke, vona Wakha.

Swihloko leswi fambelanaka