Iintlobo Zeekhontrakthi Zokwakha eMzantsi Afrika | JBCC, NEC, GCC, FIDIC

Ukusebenzisa uhlobo olungalunganga lwekhontrakthi yokwakha eMzantsi Afrika kunokukukhupha kwithenda, kubambezele iintlawulo, okanye kukushiye uthwele umngcipheko ikhontrakthi engazange yenzelwe ukuwabela. Abaxhasi becandelo likarhulumente badla ngokunyanzelisa i-GCC okanye i-NEC; ukwakha kwicandelo labucala kuqhuba nge-JBCC. Ukungahambelani kukhokelela kwiingxabano, kuxinzelele i-cash flow, kwaye kwandise umngcipheko wokungathobeli.

Iisuti ezine eziphambili zeekhontrakthi zilawula imakethi: i-JBCC (Joint Building Contracts Committee) yomsebenzi wokwakha kwicandelo labucala, i-NEC (New Engineering Contract) yeziseko zikarhulumente nobunjineli, i-GCC (General Conditions of Contract) yeeprojekthi zamasebe karhulumente, kunye ne-FIDIC yomsebenzi wamazwe ngamazwe. Nganye iphatha izatifikethi zentlawulo, iinguqu (variations), kunye nokwabiwa komngcipheko ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Esi sikhokelo sichaza uhlobo ngalunye lwekhontrakthi yokwakha eMzantsi Afrika, nini olusebenzisayo, nendlela yokululawula ngokufanelekileyo.

Isishwankathelo Semeko Yeekhontrakthi Zokwakha eMzantsi Afrika

Imeko yeekhontrakthi zokwakha eMzantsi Afrika ichatshazelwa ziimfuno zecandelo, ukhetho lwabaxhasi, kunye nemimiselo yomthetho. Ukuqonda le meko kukunceda ukhethe ikhontrakthi efanelekileyo kwaye uyilawule kakuhle.

Isabelo Semakethi Ngokohlobo Lwekhontrakthi

JBCC — Ilawula ukwakha kwicandelo labucala, iqikelelwa kwi-60–70% yesabelo semakethi kwicandelo labucala
NEC — Ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwicandelo likarhulumente, ngakumbi kwiziseko nobunjineli, iqikelelwa kwi-20–30% yeekhontrakthi zecandelo likarhulumente
GCC — Ihlala iyeyona iqhelekileyo kwiiprojekthi zamasebe karhulumente, iqikelelwa kwi-40–50% yeekhontrakthi zecandelo likarhulumente
FIDIC — Isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiiprojekthi zamazwe ngamazwe nakumsebenzi owela imida, inesabelo esincinci semakethi

Ukhetho Ngamasebe

Ukwakha kwicandelo labucala — I-JBCC yeyona iqhelekileyo
Iziseko zecandelo likarhulumente — I-NEC okanye i-GCC kuxhomekeke kumxhasi
Amasebe karhulumente — I-GCC idla ngokunyanzeliswa
Amaziko karhulumente (parastatals) neemetro — Amaxesha amaninzi anyanzelisa i-NEC
Iiprojekthi zamazwe ngamazwe — I-FIDIC iqhelekile

Impembelelo Yommiselo

Imimiselo ye-CIDB — Iiprojekthi ezininzi zecandelo likarhulumente zifuna i-GCC okanye i-NEC
Imiqathango yomxhasi — Abaxhasi becandelo likarhulumente bahlala becacisa ifomu yekhontrakthi kumaxwebhu ethenda
Imigangatho yoshishino — I-JBCC, NEC, GCC, kunye ne-FIDIC zonke ziqatshelwe njengemigangatho yoshishino

JBCC: Umgangatho Wecandelo Labucala

I-suti ye-Joint Building Contracts Committee (JBCC) yeyona fomu yekhontrakthi isetyenziswa kakhulu kwicandelo labucala eMzantsi Afrika. Yenzelwe ngokukodwa umsebenzi wokwakha — izindlu, ezorhwebo, nezoshishino — kwaye ithandwa ngabaphuhlisi beepropati, abaxhasi babucala, kunye neekhontrakta ezisebenza kwiiprojekthi zabucala.

I-Suti Yeekhontrakthi ze-JBCC

I-suti ye-JBCC iquka iifomu zeekhontrakthi ezininzi:

Principal Building Agreement (PBA) — Ikhontrakthi ephambili yomsebenzi wokwakha, idla ngokusetyenziswa kwiiprojekthi ezingaphezulu kwe-R500,000. Iquka imiqathango ye:

Iinguqu kunye nemiyalelo yeenguqu (variation orders)
Ulwandiso lwexesha
Izatifikethi zentlawulo kunye neentlawulo zethutyana
Ukugqitywa okusebenzayo (practical completion) kunye nexesha lezilungiso (defects liability)
Isisombululo seengxabano (adjudication kunye ne-arbitration)

Minor Works Agreement — Ikhontrakthi elula yeeprojekthi ezincinci ezingaphantsi kwe-R500,000. Ineenkqubo ezifutshane neemfuno ezimbalwa ezisemthethweni, kwaye ifanelekile:

Kwiiprojekthi ezincinci zezindlu
Kuhlaziyo oluncinci
Kwi-fit-out ezincinci zorhwebo
Kwiiprojekthi ezingafuni ubunzima obupheleleyo be-PBA

Nominated Subcontract Agreement — Yolawulo lwee-subcontractor ezonyuliweyo kwiiprojekthi ze-JBCC. Ezi subcontractor zikhethwa ngumxhasi okanye yi-principal agent, logama ikhontrakta ephambili ilawula umsebenzi wazo.

Selected Subcontract Agreement — Yolawulo lwee-subcontractor ezikhethwe yikhontrakta kodwa zamkelwa ngumxhasi.

Apho I-JBCC Isetyenziswa Khona

I-JBCC isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi:

Uphuhliso lwezindlu zabucala — Izindlu, iikompleksi, iiestate
Iiprojekthi zokwakha zorhwebo — Iiofisi, amaziko okuthenga, iindawo zokugcina impahla
Ukwakha kwezoshishino — Iifektri, iindawo zokugcina impahla, amaziko ezoshishino
Iiprojekthi zophuhliso lwepropati — Iiprojekthi ezipheleleyo ukusuka kwifeasibility ukuya kwi-handover
Iziseko zecandelo labucala — Apho kunganyanzeliswanga enye ifomu

Inkqubo Yentlawulo Ye-JBCC

I-JBCC isebenzisa inkqubo yesatifikethi sentlawulo yethutyana yesiqhelo:

Uvavanyo lwenyanga — Ikhontrakta ingenisa ibango lenyanga lomsebenzi ogqityiweyo
Uvavanyo lwe-Principal Agent — I-Principal Agent (umakhi okanye quantity surveyor) uvavanya umsebenzi aze akhuphe i-Interim Payment Certificate (IPC)
Okuqukethwe sisatifikethi — I-IPC iquka umsebenzi ogqityiweyo, izinto ezisendaweni, ukuncitshiswa kwe-retention (idla ngokuba yi-5–10%), iintlawulo zangaphambili, kunye nesixa esisemthethweni esifanele ukuhlawulwa
Intlawulo — Umxhasi uhlawula kwiintsuku eziyi-14–21 ukusukela kumhla wokukhutshwa kwesatifikethi
Isatifikethi sokugqibela — Emva kwe-practical completion, kukhutshwa i-Final Payment Certificate

Iimpawu eziphambili:

Izatifikethi zikhutshwa nyanga nganye
I-retention ikhutshelwa ngezigaba (isiqingatha kwi-practical completion, isiqingatha ekupheleni kwexesha le-defects liability)
Iinguqu zifakwa kwizatifikethi xa sele zamkelwe
Imiqathango yentlawulo: iintsuku eziyi-14–21 ukusuka kumhla wesatifikethi

Ngolwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga nezatifikethi zentlawulo ze-JBCC, bona isikhokelo sethu se JBCC payment certificate guide.

Ukwabiwa Komngcipheko Kwi-JBCC

I-JBCC ilandela imodeli yesiqhelo yokwabiwa komngcipheko:

Umngcipheko wekhontrakta: Umgangatho womsebenzi, izinto, ukulibaziseka kwexesha (ngaphandle kokuxoleleka), ukunyuka kweendleko
Umngcipheko womxhasi: Iimpazamo zoyilo (xa uyilo lunikezelwa ngumxhasi), i-force majeure, iimeko zomhlaba (xa zingadalulwanga)
Umngcipheko owabelwana ngawo: Iinguqu, ukulibaziseka okubangelwe ngumxhasi okanye i-agent

I-JBCC ilinganiselwe ngokwesiqhelo kodwa ingaba nobutshaba xa kuvela iingxabano, kuba ukwabiwa komngcipheko kudla ngokutolikwa ngokungqongqo.

Isisombululo Seengxabano Kwi-JBCC

I-JBCC isebenzisa inkqubo yesiqhelo yokusombulula iingxabano:

Isigqibo se-Principal Agent — Isigqibo sokuqala sithathwa yi-principal agent
Adjudication — Iingxabano zingadluliselwa kwi-adjudication
Arbitration — Isisombululo sokugqibela nge-arbitration
Litigation — Kungaqhubekeka kwiinkundla xa i-arbitration ingaphumeleli

Le nkqubo ingacotha kwaye ibe nobutshaba, iingxabano zihlala zinyuka ziye kwi-arbitration okanye litigation.

NEC: Umgangatho Wecandelo Likarhulumente Nobunjineli

I-suti ye-New Engineering Contract (NEC) iya isiba yaziwa ngakumbi kwicandelo likarhulumente laseMzantsi Afrika nakwiiprojekthi zobunjineli. Iqale e-UK, i-NEC4 yamkelwe ngamaziko amaninzi karhulumente (parastatals) neemetro zaseMzantsi Afrika kwiziseko kunye nemisebenzi yobunjineli.

I-Suti Yeekhontrakthi ze-NEC

I-suti ye-NEC iquka iifomu zeekhontrakthi ezininzi:

NEC4 Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC) — Ikhontrakthi ephambili yomsebenzi wobunjineli nokwakha. Inika iinketho ezininzi zekhontrakthi:

Option A: Ikhontrakthi enexabiso elibekiweyo kunye ne-activity schedule
Option B: Ikhontrakthi enexabiso elibekiweyo kunye ne-bill of quantities
Option C: Ikhontrakthi ye-target cost kunye ne-activity schedule
Option D: Ikhontrakthi ye-target cost kunye ne-bill of quantities
Option E: Ikhontrakthi ye-cost reimbursable
Option F: Ikhontrakthi yolawulo (management contract)

NEC4 Professional Services Contract (PSC) — Yabacebisi kunye neenkonzo zobungcali.

NEC4 Term Service Contract — Yeenkonzo eziqhubekayo zolondolozo kunye nenkonzo.

Apho I-NEC Isetyenziswa Khona

I-NEC isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi:

Iiprojekthi zendlela ze-SANRAL — Ukwakhiwa nokuhlaziywa kweendlela zesizwe nezephondo
Iziseko zamandla ze-Eskom — Iiprojekthi zokuvelisa, ukuhambisa, nokusasaza umbane
Iiprojekthi zikaloliwe namachweba e-Transnet — Iziseko zikaloliwe, izibuko, neziseko ze-logistics
Iiprojekthi zezibonelelo zemetro — IsiXeko saseKapa, isiXeko saseRhawutini, nezinye iimeto
Iziseko zamanzi — Rand Water, oomasipala, unyango lwamanzi nokusasazwa kwawo
Iiprojekthi zobunjineli — Iiprojekthi ezifuna ukusebenzisana kunye neenkqubo ze-early warning

Inkqubo Yentlawulo Ye-NEC

I-NEC isebenzisa inkqubo yentlawulo esekwe kwimisebenzi okanye kwi-target cost, kuxhomekeke kukhetho lwekhontrakthi olukhethiweyo:

Ukugqitywa komsebenzi — Ikhontrakta igqiba imisebenzi (okanye ifikelele kwizigaba ze-target cost)
Uvavanyo lwe-Project Manager — I-Project Manager uvavanya umsebenzi ogqityiweyo
Isatifikethi sentlawulo — I-Project Manager ukhupha isatifikethi sentlawulo (amaxesha amaninzi kabini ngeveki)
Okuqukethwe sisatifikethi — Kuquka ixabiso lemisebenzi egqityiweyo, ipesenti ye-target cost (xa kuyi-Option C/D), i-retention (xa isebenza), iintlawulo zangaphambili, kunye nesixa esifanele ukuhlawulwa
Intlawulo — Umxhasi uhlawula ngexesha lentlawulo elichaziweyo kwikhontrakthi
I-akhawunti yokugqibela — I-akhawunti yokugqibela ilungiswa emva kokugqitywa

Iimpawu eziphambili:

Iijikelezo zentlawulo ezixhaphake ngakumbi (amaxesha amaninzi kabini ngeveki)
Isiseko esisekwe kwimisebenzi okanye kwi-target cost
Inkqubo ye-early warning inceda ukuthintela iingxabano zentlawulo
Indlela yentsebenziswano inciphisa ukulibaziseka

Ukwabiwa Komngcipheko Kwi-NEC

I-NEC isebenzisa indlela yokwabelana ngomngcipheko esebenzisanayo:

Inkqubo ye-early warning — Omabini amaqela kufuneka azise ngeengxaki ezinokubakho
Compensation events — Iziganeko ezichaziweyo ezibangela uhlengahlengiso lwexesha neendleko
Umngcipheko owabelwana ngawo — Kugxilwa ngakumbi ekusombululeni iingxaki ngokubambisana
Ukucaca — Unxibelelwano oluvulekileyo ngakumbi kunye nokwabelana ngomngcipheko

I-NEC yenzelwe ukunciphisa iingxabano ngenkqubo ye-early warning kunye nokusebenza ngokubambisana, nangona ifuna ulawulo lwekhontrakthi olusebenzayo ngakumbi.

Isisombululo Seengxabano Kwi-NEC

I-NEC inenkqubo ecwangciswe ngakumbi yokusombulula iingxabano:

Early warning — Iingxaki zichongwa kwangoko ngenkqubo yesilumkiso
Isigqibo se-Project Manager — Isigqibo sokuqala senziwa yi-project manager
Adjudication — Iingxabano zithunyelwa kwi-adjudication (ikhawuleza kune-arbitration)
Arbitration/Litigation — Isisombululo sokugqibela xa sifuneka

Inkqubo ye-early warning ye-NEC inceda ukuthintela iingxabano, kwaye i-adjudication idla ngokukhawuleza kune-arbitration.

GCC: Umgangatho Karhulumente

I-General Conditions of Contract for Construction Works (GCC) inyanzeliswa kwiiprojekthi ezininzi zamasebe karhulumente eMzantsi Afrika. Ipapashwa yi-South African Institution of Civil Engineering (SAICE) kwaye iyafuneka kwiiprojekthi eziphantsi kwemimiselo ye-CIDB.

I-Suti Yeekhontrakthi ze-GCC

I-suti ye-GCC iquka:

GCC 2015 — Uguqulelo lwangoku lomsebenzi wokwakha, olupapashwe yi-SAICE.

GCC for Engineering and Construction Works — Kwiiprojekthi zobunjineli.

GCC for Small Works — Uguqulelo olulula lweeprojekthi ezincinci.

Apho I-GCC Isetyenziswa Khona

I-GCC isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi:

Iiprojekthi zamasebe karhulumente esizwe — Iiprojekthi zamasebe karhulumente wesizwe
Imisebenzi karhulumente wephondo — Iiprojekthi zokwakha zephondo
Iiprojekthi zoomasipala — Apho kungasetyenziswa i-NEC, oomasipala abaninzi basebenzisa i-GCC
Ukwakha kwicandelo likarhulumente olunyanzeliswa yi-CIDB — Iiprojekthi eziphantsi kwemimiselo ye-CIDB
Iiprojekthi zesiko le-measure-and-value — Iiprojekthi ezisebenzisa umlinganiselo novavanyo lwexabiso lwesiqhelo

Inkqubo Yentlawulo Ye-GCC

I-GCC isebenzisa inkqubo yesiqhelo ye-measure-and-value:

Umlinganiselo wenyanga — Injineli ilinganisa umsebenzi ogqityiweyo ngenyanga
Isatifikethi senjineli — Injineli ikhupha isatifikethi sentlawulo senyanga
Okuqukethwe sisatifikethi — Kuquka ixabiso lomsebenzi olinganisiweyo, izinto ezisendaweni, ukuncitshiswa kwe-retention (idla ngokuba yi-5–10%), iintlawulo zangaphambili, kunye nesixa esifanele ukuhlawulwa
Intlawulo — Umxhasi uhlawula kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ukusuka kumhla wesatifikethi
Isatifikethi sokugqibela — Emva kokugqitywa, kukhutshwa i-Final Payment Certificate

Iimpawu eziphambili:

Inkqubo yokulinganisa esemthethweni
Izatifikethi zenyanga
I-retention ikhutshelwa ngezigaba
Imiqathango yentlawulo: iintsuku ezingama-30 (inde kune-JBCC)

Ukwabiwa Komngcipheko Kwi-GCC

I-GCC ilandela imodeli yesiqhelo enomthwalo omkhulu kwikhontrakta:

Umngcipheko wekhontrakta: Uninzi lomngcipheko weprojekthi, kuquka iimeko zomhlaba, ukulibaziseka ngenxa yemozulu, ukunyuka kweendleko
Umngcipheko womxhasi: Uncinci — ikakhulu iimpazamo zoyilo kunye ne-force majeure
Inkqubo esemthethweni — Ukutolikwa okungqongqo kwemiqathango yekhontrakthi

I-GCC idla ngokubeka umngcipheko omkhulu kwikhontrakta, nto leyo enokwenza kube nzima kwiikontrakta kodwa inike uqinisekiso olungaphezulu kumxhasi.

Isisombululo Seengxabano Kwi-GCC

I-GCC isebenzisa inkqubo esemthethweni yokusombulula iingxabano:

Isigqibo senjineli — Isigqibo sokuqala senziwa yinjineli
Dispute Adjudication Board — Iingxabano zingasombululwa nge-DAB
Arbitration — Isisombululo sokugqibela nge-arbitration
Litigation — Kungaqhubekeka kwiinkundla

Inkqubo ye-GCC isemthethweni kwaye ingacotha, iingxabano zihlala zifuna i-arbitration.

FIDIC: Umgangatho Wamazwe Ngamazwe

Iikontraka ze-FIDIC (Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Conseils) zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiiprojekthi zamazwe ngamazwe nakumsebenzi owela imida eMzantsi Afrika. Nangona zingasetyenziswa kakhulu njenge-JBCC, NEC, okanye GCC, i-FIDIC ibalulekile kwiikontrakta zamazwe ngamazwe nakwiiprojekthi ezixhaswa ngemali yamazwe ngamazwe.

I-Suti Yeekhontrakthi ze-FIDIC

I-suti ye-FIDIC iquka:

FIDIC Red Book — Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and Engineering Works Designed by the Employer.

FIDIC Yellow Book — Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build.

FIDIC Silver Book — Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey Projects.

FIDIC Green Book — Short Form of Contract.

Apho I-FIDIC Isetyenziswa Khona

I-FIDIC isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwi:

Iiprojekthi zamazwe ngamazwe — Iiprojekthi ezineekhontrakta okanye inkxaso-mali yamazwe ngamazwe
Umsebenzi owela imida — Iiprojekthi ezigubungela amazwe amaninzi
Inkxaso-mali yamazwe ngamazwe — Iiprojekthi ezixhaswa ziibhanki zophuhliso zamazwe ngamazwe
Iziseko ezikhulu — Ezinye iiprojekthi ezinkulu zeziseko zikhetha i-FIDIC

Inkqubo Yentlawulo Ye-FIDIC

I-FIDIC isebenzisa inkqubo yesatifikethi sentlawulo yesiqhelo efana ne-GCC:

Izatifikethi zentlawulo zenyanga ezisekwe kumsebenzi olinganisiweyo
Injineli ikhupha izatifikethi
Intlawulo ngaphakathi kwexesha elichaziweyo (idla ngokuba ziintsuku ezingama-56)
I-retention idla ngokuba yi-5–10%

Ukwabiwa Komngcipheko Kwi-FIDIC

Ukwabiwa komngcipheko kwi-FIDIC kuyahluka ngokohlobo lwekhontrakthi:

Red Book — Ukwabiwa komngcipheko olulinganiselweyo
Yellow Book — Umngcipheko omkhulu kwikhontrakta (design-build)
Silver Book — Owona mngcipheko mkhulu kwikhontrakta (EPC/turnkey)

Isisombululo Seengxabano Kwi-FIDIC

I-FIDIC isebenzisa ii-Dispute Adjudication Boards (DABs) kunye ne-arbitration:

Isigqibo senjineli — Isigqibo sokuqala senziwa yinjineli
DAB — Iingxabano zithunyelwa kwi-Dispute Adjudication Board
Arbitration — Isisombululo sokugqibela nge-arbitration

Izivumelwano Zee-Subcontract

Izivumelwano zee-subcontract zisetyenziswa xa iikontrakta eziphambili ziqesha ii-subcontractor. Uhlobo lwesivumelwano sixhomekeke kwindlela i-subcontractor ekhethwe ngayo.

Nominated Subcontractors

Ii-subcontractor ezonyuliweyo zikhethwa ngumxhasi okanye yi-principal agent. Ikhontrakta ephambili ilawula umsebenzi wazo kodwa inolawulo olulinganiselweyo ekukhethweni.

Iimpawu:

Zikhethwa ngumxhasi/i-principal agent
Ikhontrakta ephambili ilawula umsebenzi
Umxhasi uhlawula ngqo okanye ngokusebenzisa ikhontrakta ephambili
Ikhontrakta ephambili inomthwalo olinganiselweyo kwintsebenzo ye-subcontractor ezonyuliweyo

Iqhelekile kwi: Iiprojekthi ze-JBCC apho umxhasi efuna abathengisi okanye iingcali ezithile.

Domestic Subcontractors

Ii-domestic subcontractor zikhethwa yikhontrakta ephambili. Ikhontrakta ephambili inolawulo olupheleleyo ekukhethweni nasekulawuleni.

Iimpawu:

Zikhethwa yikhontrakta ephambili
Ikhontrakta ephambili ilawula umsebenzi
Ikhontrakta ephambili ihlawula i-subcontractor
Ikhontrakta ephambili unoxanduva olupheleleyo kwintsebenzo ye-subcontractor

Iqhelekile kwi: Zonke iintlobo zeekhontrakthi apho ikhontrakta ephambili ikhetha ii-subcontractor.

Iifomu Zezivumelwano Zee-Subcontract

Izivumelwano zee-subcontract zihlala zihambelana nefomu yekhontrakthi ephambili:

JBCC Nominated/Selected Subcontract Agreement — Kwiiprojekthi ze-JBCC
NEC Subcontract — Kwiiprojekthi ze-NEC
GCC Subcontract — Kwiiprojekthi ze-GCC
FIDIC Subcontract — Kwiiprojekthi ze-FIDIC

Itheyibhile Yokuthelekisa: Iintlobo Zeekhontrakthi

Feature	JBCC	NEC	GCC	FIDIC
Primary Use	Private sector building works	Public sector engineering/infrastructure	Government department projects	International projects
Market Share	60–70% private sector	20–30% public sector	40–50% public sector	Small (international projects)
Payment Frequency	Monthly certificates	Bi-weekly (often)	Monthly certificates	Monthly certificates
Payment Terms	14–21 days	Varies by option	30 days	Typically 56 days
Payment Basis	Work completed (lump sum)	Activities/target cost	Measure and value	Measure and value
Retention	5–10% typical	Varies by option	5–10% typical	5–10% typical
Risk Allocation	Balanced traditional	Collaborative/shared	Contractor-heavy	Varies by form
Dispute Resolution	Adjudication → Arbitration	Early warning → Adjudication	DAB → Arbitration	DAB → Arbitration
Variation Process	Formal variation orders	Compensation events	Formal variation orders	Variation orders
Early Warning System	No	Yes (mandatory)	No	No
Collaborative Approach	Moderate	High	Low	Moderate
Complexity	Moderate	High	Moderate	High
Typical Project Value	R500K – R100M+	R10M – R1B+	R1M – R500M+	R50M – R10B+
Best For	Private building projects	Public infrastructure/engineering	Government department works	International projects
Contract Administration	Principal Agent	Project Manager	Engineer	Engineer

Izinto Eziqwalaselwayo Xa Ukhetha Uhlobo Lwekhontrakthi

Izinto ezininzi zichaphazela ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwekhontrakthi olufanele ukusetyenziswa:

Icandelo Leprojekthi

Ukwakha kwicandelo labucala — I-JBCC yeyona iqhelekileyo
Iziseko zecandelo likarhulumente — I-NEC okanye i-GCC kuxhomekeke kumxhasi
Amasebe karhulumente — I-GCC idla ngokunyanzeliswa
Iiprojekthi zamazwe ngamazwe — I-FIDIC iqhelekile

Iimfuno Zomxhasi

Umyalelo womxhasi — Abaxhasi abaninzi bachaza ifomu yekhontrakthi kumaxwebhu ethenda
Ukhetho lomxhasi — Abanye abaxhasi bakhetha iifomu ezithile zeekhontrakthi ngenxa yamava
Iimfuno zommiselo — Ezinye iiprojekthi zifuna ngokomthetho iifomu ezithile

Uhlobo Leprojekthi

Umsebenzi wokwakha — I-JBCC ifanelekile
Iziseko/ubunjineli — I-NEC okanye i-GCC ifanelekile
Amazwe ngamazwe — I-FIDIC ifanelekile

Ukunyamezela Umngcipheko

Umngcipheko olinganiselweyo — I-JBCC okanye i-FIDIC Red Book
Ukwabelana ngomngcipheko ngentsebenziswano — I-NEC
Umxhasi ufuna uqinisekiso — I-GCC okanye i-FIDIC Silver Book

Ukhetho Lwentlawulo

Iintlawulo zenyanga zesiqhelo — I-JBCC, GCC, FIDIC
Iintlawulo ezixhaphake ngakumbi — I-NEC
Iintlawulo ezisekwe kwimisebenzi — I-NEC

Iindlela Zokuhlawula Ngokohlobo Lwekhontrakthi

Ukuqonda indlela iintlawulo ezisebenza ngayo phantsi kohlobo ngalunye lwekhontrakthi kubalulekile kulawulo lwe-cash flow.

Indlela Yentlawulo Ye-JBCC

Izatifikethi zentlawulo zethutyana zenyanga zikhutshwa yi-Principal Agent
Intlawulo kwiintsuku eziyi-14–21 ukusuka kumhla wesatifikethi
I-retention idla ngokuba yi-5–10%, ikhutshelwa ngezigaba
Iinguqu zifakwa kwizatifikethi xa zamkelwe

Ngolwazi oluneenkcukacha, bona isikhokelo sethu se JBCC payment certificate guide.

Indlela Yentlawulo Ye-NEC

Izatifikethi zentlawulo kabini ngeveki okanye zenyanga zikhutshwa yi-Project Manager
Intlawulo esekwe kwimisebenzi okanye kwi-target cost
Intlawulo ngaphakathi kwexesha elichaziweyo (liyahluka ngokokhetho lwekhontrakthi)
Compensation events zifakwa kwiintlawulo
Inkqubo ye-early warning inceda ukuthintela iingxabano zentlawulo

Indlela Yentlawulo Ye-GCC

Izatifikethi zentlawulo zenyanga zikhutshwa yiNjineli
Isiseko sentlawulo se-measure-and-value
Intlawulo kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ukusuka kumhla wesatifikethi
I-retention idla ngokuba yi-5–10%, ikhutshelwa ngezigaba
Inkqubo yokulinganisa esemthethweni

Indlela Yentlawulo Ye-FIDIC

Izatifikethi zentlawulo zenyanga zikhutshwa yiNjineli
Isiseko sentlawulo se-measure-and-value
Intlawulo kwiintsuku ezingama-56 ngesiqhelo (iyahluka ngokwekhontrakthi)
I-retention idla ngokuba yi-5–10%
Inkqubo yokulinganisa esemthethweni

Ngesikhokelo sezatifikethi zentlawulo kuzo zonke iintlobo zeekhontrakthi, bona isikhokelo sethu se progress payment certificates in South Africa.

Ukulawula Iintlobo Ezininzi Zeekhontrakthi Zokwakha Kwindawo Enye

Ukulawula izatifikethi zentlawulo, iinguqu, kunye ne-retention kwi-JBCC, NEC, GCC ne-FIDIC kwinkqubo enye kunciphisa umsebenzi we-admin kunye neempazamo zentlawulo. Isoftware eyakhelwe ukwakha eMzantsi Afrika inokuvelisa izatifikethi ezihambelana nekhontrakthi, ilandelele imihla yokukhutshwa kwe-retention, kwaye iqikelele i-cash flow kuzo zonke iintlobo zeekhontrakthi ukuze uhlale ulawula imihla yeentlawulo ezimiselweyo kwaye uphephe iingxabano.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo

Loluphi uhlobo lwekhontrakthi endifanele ndilisebenzise kuphuhliso lwezindlu zabucala?

Kuphuhliso lwezindlu zabucala, i-JBCC yeyona fomu yekhontrakthi isemgangathweni. Sebenzisa i-Principal Building Agreement (PBA) kwiiprojekthi ezingaphezulu kwe-R500,000, okanye i-Minor Works Agreement kwiiprojekthi ezincinci ezingaphantsi kwe-R500,000. I-JBCC iqondwa kakuhle zii-khontrakta zaseMzantsi Afrika kwaye yenzelwe ngokukodwa umsebenzi wokwakha.

Ndingasebenzisa i-JBCC kwiprojekthi yecandelo likarhulumente?

Ngokubanzi, hayi. Iiprojekthi zecandelo likarhulumente zihlala zinyanzelisa i-NEC (kuma-parastatals neemetro) okanye i-GCC (kumasebe karhulumente). Noko kunjalo, ezinye iiprojekthi ezincinci zecandelo likarhulumente okanye ezineemfuno ezithile zingayivumela i-JBCC. Soloko ujonga amaxwebhu ethenda — aya kuchaza ifomu yekhontrakthi efunekayo.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-JBCC Principal Building Agreement kunye ne-Minor Works Agreement?

I-Principal Building Agreement (PBA) yikhontrakthi epheleleyo ye-JBCC kwiiprojekthi ezihlala zingaphezulu kwe-R500,000. Iquka imiqathango ebanzi yeenguqu, ulwandiso lwexesha, kunye nesisombululo seengxabano. I-Minor Works Agreement yinguqulelo elula yeeprojekthi ezincinci ezingaphantsi kwe-R500,000, eneenkqubo ezikhawulezisiweyo neemfuno ezimbalwa ezisemthethweni.

Kutheni amaziko karhulumente (parastatals) ekhetha i-NEC ngaphezu kwe-GCC?

Amaziko afana ne-SANRAL, Eskom, ne-Transnet akhetha i-NEC ngenxa yokuba:

Indlela yentsebenziswano — Inkqubo ye-early warning ye-NEC ikhuthaza intsebenziswano kwaye inciphise iingxabano
Ulawulo olungcono lomngcipheko — Inkqubo ye-early warning inceda ukuchonga nokulawula umngcipheko kwangoko
Iintlawulo ezikhawulezayo — Iijikelezo zentlawulo ezixhaphake ngakumbi ziphucula i-cash flow yeekhontrakta
Umgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe — I-NEC isetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela, inika ukuhambelana kwiikontrakta zamazwe ngamazwe
Ukuguquguquka — I-NEC inika iinketho ezininzi zeekhontrakthi (lump sum, target cost, cost reimbursable) ukuze zilungele iintlobo zeeprojekthi ezahlukeneyo

Ndingatshintsha ifomu yekhontrakthi phakathi kweprojekthi?

Hayi. Xa sele ikhontrakthi isayiniwe, ubotshelelwe yile fom yale khontrakthi kude kugqitywe iprojekthi. Ukutshintsha ifomu yekhontrakthi phakathi kweprojekthi kuya kufuna ukuphelisa ikhontrakthi ekhoyo uze ungene kwenye entsha, nto leyo engafane isebenze okanye icebiseke. Khetha ifomu yekhontrakthi ngononophelo ekuqaleni kweprojekthi.

Ndazi njani ukuba yeyiphi ifomu yekhontrakthi endifanele ndiyisebenzise?

Ifomu yekhontrakthi idla ngokuchazwa kumaxwebhu ethenda okanye kwi-brief yeprojekthi. Kwiiprojekthi zokwakha zecandelo labucala, i-JBCC yeyona iqhelekileyo. Kwiiziseko zecandelo likarhulumente, jonga ukuba umxhasi unyanzelisa i-NEC okanye i-GCC. Ukuba awuqinisekanga, bonisana negqwetha lomthetho wokwakha okanye i-quantity surveyor enolwazi ngeefomu zeekhontrakthi zaseMzantsi Afrika.

Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ndisebenzisa ifomu yekhontrakthi engalunganga?

Ukusebenzisa ifomu yekhontrakthi engalunganga kunokuba nemiphumo emibi:

Ukurhoxiswa kwethenda — Iithenda zecandelo likarhulumente zihlala zikhupha iibhidi ezingasebenzisi ifomu yekhontrakthi echaziweyo
Ukulibaziseka kwentlawulo — Ifomu engalunganga inokudala ukudideka nokulibazisa iintlawulo
Umngcipheko weengxabano — Iifomu zeekhontrakthi zabela umngcipheko ngokwahlukileyo — ukusebenzisa engalunganga kunokukushiya uchanabeke
Imiba yokuthobela — Ezinye iiprojekthi zifuna ngokomthetho iifomu ezithile zeekhontrakthi (umz., iiprojekthi ze-CIDB)

Soloko usebenzisa ifomu yekhontrakthi echaziweyo kumaxwebhu ethenda okanye kwisivumelwano seprojekthi.

Ingaba i-Wakha ixhasa zonke iintlobo eziphambili zeekhontrakthi?

Ewe. I-Wakha ixhasa ukuveliswa kwezatifikethi zentlawulo ze-JBCC, NEC, GCC kunye ne-FIDIC, ulawulo lweenguqu, kunye nolawulo lwekhontrakthi. Ungaqhuba iiprojekthi phantsi kweefomu zeekhontrakthi ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo enye, ngee-workflow kunye neefomathi zezazatifikethi ezikhethekileyo kuhlobo ngalunye.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwee-subcontractor ezonyuliweyo ne-domestic subcontractors?

Ii-subcontractor ezonyuliweyo zikhethwa ngumxhasi okanye yi-principal agent, logama ikhontrakta ephambili ilawula umsebenzi wazo kodwa inolawulo olulinganiselweyo ekukhethweni. Ii-domestic subcontractor zikhethwa yikhontrakta ephambili, kwaye ikhontrakta ephambili inolawulo olupheleleyo kunye noxanduva olupheleleyo. Olu hlobo luchaphazela indlela iintlawulo ezihamba ngayo, uxanduva, kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo.

Isiphelo

Ukukhetha uhlobo olufanelekileyo lwekhontrakthi yokwakha eMzantsi Afrika — i-JBCC, NEC, GCC okanye FIDIC — kubalulekile ekuthobeleni ithenda, ukuhamba kwentlawulo, nasekwabiweni komngcipheko. I-JBCC ilawula ukwakha kwicandelo labucala; i-NEC ne-GCC zilawula umsebenzi wecandelo likarhulumente; i-FIDIC isebenza kwiiprojekthi zamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuqonda indlela nganye ephatha izatifikethi zentlawulo, iinguqu kunye nesisombululo seengxabano kukunceda ukhethe ifomu efanelekileyo kwaye uyilawule kakuhle.

Ukulawula iintlobo zeekhontrakthi zokwakha eMzantsi Afrika — izatifikethi zentlawulo ze-JBCC, NEC, GCC ne-FIDIC, i-retention kunye ne-cash flow — kwiplatifomu enye eyakhelwe ukuthobela imimiselo yasekhaya kunye nokuphunyezwa kweprojekthi, bona Wakha.

Amanqaku anxulumeneyo