Mefuta e 4 ya Dikonteraka tsa Kaho Afrika Borwa

Foromo ya konteraka e etsa qeto ya hore na o lefuwa jwang, ke mang ya jarang kotsi efe le hore na qabang e fela jwang, nako e telele pele setene sa pele se behwa.

Tataiso ena e hlalosa mefuta e mene e meholo ya dikonteraka tsa kaho e sebediswang Afrika Borwa: JBCC, NEC, GCC le FIDIC. E akaretsa hore na ke mang ya e sebedisang, kamoo tefo le di-variation di sebetsang, dikgetho tsa ho beha theko, di-subcontract, le kamoo o ka kgethang foromo e nepahetseng bakeng sa projeke ya hao.

Mefuta e meholo ya dikonteraka tsa kaho Afrika Borwa ke efe?

Afrika Borwa e sebedisa disuite tse nne tse kgolo tsa dikonteraka tse tlwaelehileng tsa kaho: JBCC bakeng sa mesebetsi ya kaho ya meaho, NEC le GCC bakeng sa engineering le infrastructure ya setjhaba, le FIDIC bakeng sa diprojeke tse tshehetswang ka ditjhelete tsa matjhaba. cidb Standard for Uniformity in Construction Procurement e thathamisa tsohle tse nne e le diforomo tseo bareki ba mmuso ba ka di sebedisang. Mosebetsi wa poraefete wa kaho ya meaho boholo o sebedisa JBCC.

Suite ya konteraka	E phatlaladitswe ke	Tshebediso e tlwaelehileng Afrika Borwa	Motsamaisi wa konteraka
JBCC	Joint Building Contracts Committee	Mosebetsi wa poraefete wa kaho: matlo, di-estate, diofisi, mabenkele, diindasteri.	Principal agent
NEC (NEC4)	NEC (qalong UK)	Infrastructure le engineering, e sebediswa ke dikhampani tse mmalwa tsa mmuso le di-metro.	Project Manager
GCC (dikgatiso tsa 2015 le 2025)	South African Institution of Civil Engineering (SAICE)	Mesebetsi ya civil le engineering bakeng sa bareki ba naha, porofense le masepala.	Engineer (moemedi wa mohiri)
FIDIC	International Federation of Consulting Engineers	Diprojeke tse nang le batshehetsi ba ditjhelete kapa bakonteraka ba matjhaba.	Engineer

Moreki hangata o kgetha foromo mme o e bolela ditokomaneng tsa tender. Jwaloka kontraka, mosebetsi wa hao ke ho bala kgatiso le contract data pele o beha theko. Tataiso ena kaofela e nka suite ka nngwe ka tatellano.

Konteraka ya JBCC ke eng?

Konteraka ya JBCC ke konteraka e tlwaelehileng ya kaho e phatlaladitsweng ke Joint Building Contracts Committee mme e sebediswa bakeng sa boholo ba mosebetsi wa poraefete wa kaho Afrika Borwa. Diforomo tse kgolo ke Principal Building Agreement (PBA) bakeng sa diprojeke tse kgolwanyane kapa tse rarahaneng le Minor Works Agreement (MWA) bakeng sa mesebetsi e bonolo, e kgutshwane. Principal agent o tsamaisa konteraka bakeng sa mohiri.

Suite ya JBCC e kenyelletsa:

Principal Building Agreement (PBA): konteraka e kgolo bakeng sa mesebetsi ya kaho, e etseditsweng diprojeke tse rarahaneng tse nkang dikgwedi tse fetang tse robong kapa tse nang le contract sum e fetang R5,000,000. E akaretsa di-variation, ho atoloswa ha nako, ditifikeiti tsa tefo, practical completion, defects liability le tharollo ya diqabang.
Minor Works Agreement (MWA): konteraka e bonolo bakeng sa diprojeke tsa mofuta o bonolo tse sa feteng dikgwedi tse robong mme di sa fete R5,000,000. Ha e na di-subcontractor tse nominated kapa selected.
Nominated/Selected Subcontract Agreement: bakeng sa di-subcontractor tse kgethilweng ke mohiri kapa principal agent mme tsa etsetswa konteraka le kontraka e kgolo.

Kamoo tefo e sebetsang. Kontraka e etsa kleime kgwedi le kgwedi. Principal agent, hangata ka valuation ya quantity surveyor, o fana ka setifikeiti sa tefo sa nakwana (interim payment certificate). Se akaretsa mosebetsi o entsweng, thepa e sebakeng, di-variation tse amohetsweng le retention. Nako ya tefo le diperesente tsa retention di behilwe contract data.

Kamoo diqabang di sebetsang. Mekga e leka ho rarolla pele. Haeba seo se hloleha, JBCC e fana ka adjudication ebe arbitration kapa lekgotla, ho ya ka contract data.

Bakeng sa tshebetso e feletseng ya setifikeiti, bona tataiso ya setifikeiti sa tefo sa JBCC. Quantity surveyor o lokisa valuation e ka morao ho setifikeiti ka seng, ka hoo karolo ya hae e bohlokwa mosebetsing o mong le o mong wa JBCC.

Konteraka ya NEC ke eng?

Konteraka ya NEC ke foromo e tlwaelehileng e hahilweng ho potoloha taolo e mafolofolo, ditemoso tsa pele (early warnings) le compensation events, mme NEC4 ke kgatiso ya jwale e sebediswang Afrika Borwa. Foromo e kgolo ke Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC). E sebediswa diprojekeng tse ngata tsa infrastructure le engineering ke dikhampani tsa mmuso le di-metro, mme ha se hangata mosebetsing wa poraefete wa kaho ya meaho.

NEC4 ECC e fana ka dikgetho tse tsheletseng tse kgolo tsa ho beha theko:

Kgetho	Motheo wa theko
A	Konteraka e behilweng theko e nang le activity schedule
B	Konteraka e behilweng theko e nang le bill of quantities
C	Target contract e nang le activity schedule
D	Target contract e nang le bill of quantities
E	Cost reimbursable contract
F	Management contract

Diforomo tse ding tsa NEC4 di kenyelletsa Professional Services Contract le Term Service Contract bakeng sa tlhokomelo e tswelang pele.

Kamoo tefo e sebetsang. Project Manager o hlahloba tjhelete e lefuwang ka letsatsi le leng le le leng la tekolo, le behilweng contract data. Tlasa NEC4, tefo e lokela ho lefuwa ka hare ho dibeke tse tharo ho tloha letsatsing la tekolo ntle le haeba contract data e bolela ho hong.

Kamoo phetoho e sebetsang. Phetoho e tsamaya ka compensation events. Mekga ka bobedi e tlameha ho fana ka ditemoso tsa pele tsa mathata. Meedi ya nako ya ditsebiso e thata, ka hoo ditsebiso tse diehileng di ka o lahlela nako le tjhelete.

Kamoo diqabang di sebetsang. Diqabang di ya ho adjudication kapa dispute avoidance board, ho ya ka kgetho e kgethilweng, ebe di ya lekgotleng le boletsweng contract data.

Bakeng sa tataiso e qaqileng ya ditsebiso le dikleime, bala NEC compensation events Afrika Borwa.

Konteraka ya GCC ke eng?

GCC ke General Conditions of Contract for Construction Works e phatlaladitsweng ke SAICE, e sebediswang boholo bakeng sa mosebetsi wa civil le engineering bakeng sa bareki ba mmuso. GCC 2015 e ntse e tlwaelehile dikonterakeng tse ntseng di sebetsa, mme SAICE e qadile kgatiso e ntjha, GCC 2025. Engineer o tsamaisa konteraka bakeng sa mohiri mme o netefatsa tefo.

Kamoo tefo e sebetsang. GCC hangata ke konteraka ya measure-and-value e nang le bill of quantities. Kontraka e romela statement ya kgwedi le kgwedi, mme Engineer o lekanya mosebetsi mme o netefatsa tjhelete e lefuwang. Nako ya tefo le retention di behilwe dipehelong le contract data, ka hoo hlahloba kgatiso eo o e saennweng.

Kamoo phetoho e sebetsang. Di-variation di laelwa ke Engineer. Dikleime di hloka tsebiso e ngotsweng ka hare ho dinako tse behilweng, mme GCC 2025 e thatafatsa melao ya ditsebiso.

Kamoo diqabang di sebetsang. GCC e fana ka adjudication, e latelwang ke arbitration kapa lekgotla haeba lehlakore le sa kgotsofala.

Haeba konteraka ya hao e sebetsa ka kgatiso e ntjha, bala GCC 2015 kgahlano le GCC 2025: se fetohang bakeng sa tefo.

FIDIC e sebediswa neng Afrika Borwa?

Dikonteraka tsa FIDIC di sebediswa Afrika Borwa haholo diprojekeng tse nang le batshehetsi ba ditjhelete ba matjhaba, dibanka tsa ntshetsopele kapa bakonteraka ba dinaha disele. Di phatlaladitswe ke International Federation of Consulting Engineers. FIDIC ha e tlwaelehe haholo mosebetsing wa kaho wa lehae ho feta JBCC, empa e hlaha diprojekeng tse kgolo tsa infrastructure le tse tshelang meedi.

Dibuka tse kgolo tsa FIDIC ke:

Red Book: kaho e raletsweng ke mohiri.
Yellow Book: plant le design-build.
Silver Book: diprojeke tsa EPC le turnkey, moo boholo ba kotsi bo leng ho kontraka.
Green Book: foromo e kgutshwane bakeng sa mosebetsi o bonolo.

Kamoo tefo e sebetsang. Engineer o netefatsa ditefo tsa nakwana ho ipapisitswe le di-statement tsa kontraka. Tlasa 2017 Red Book, mohiri o lefa ka hare ho matsatsi a 56 kamora hore Engineer a amohele statement, ntle le haeba konteraka e bolela ho hong.

Kamoo diqabang di sebetsang. Dikgatiso tsa 2017 di sebedisa Dispute Avoidance/Adjudication Board (DAAB), ebe arbitration.

Mefuta e 4 ya dikonteraka tsa kaho ka theko ke efe?

Ka theko, mefuta e mene ya dikonteraka tsa kaho ke lump sum, remeasurement, cost reimbursable le target cost. E nngwe le e nngwe e tsamaisa kotsi ya ditjeho ka tsela e fapaneng pakeng tsa moreki le kontraka. Tsohle tse nne di ka ngolwa ka diforomo tse tlwaelehileng tsa Afrika Borwa. Tafole e bontsha hore na ke foromo efe e tsamayang hangata le mofuta ofe wa theko.

Mofuta wa theko	Kamoo theko e sebetsang	Ke mang ya jarang kotsi ya ditjeho	Diforomo tse tlwaelehileng tsa Afrika Borwa
Lump sum	Theko e tsitsitseng bakeng sa mosebetsi o hlalositsweng, e lefuwang ka tswelopele.	Boholo kontraka.	JBCC PBA (lump sum), NEC4 Option A, FIDIC Silver Book
Remeasurement (measure and value)	Direite tse ho bill of quantities, di sebediswa ho bongata bo hahilweng ka nnete.	E arolelanwa: moreki o jara kotsi ya bongata, kontraka o jara kotsi ya direite.	GCC, JBCC PBA e nang le quantities, NEC4 Option B, FIDIC Red Book
Cost reimbursable	Moreki o lefa ditjeho tsa nnete hammoho le tefo.	Boholo moreki.	NEC4 Option E
Target cost	Sepheo se dumellanweng, ka poloko kapa ho feta bajete ho arolelanwa.	E arolelanwa ka foromula ya pain/gain.	NEC4 Options C le D

Ntshetsopeleng ya matlo a bodulo, lump sum le remeasurement di tlwaelehile ka ho fetisisa. Dikonteraka tsa cost reimbursable le target di loketse diprojeke moo mosebetsi o sa hlakang qalong.

Ditumellano tsa subcontract: nominated, selected le domestic

Ditumellano tsa subcontract hangata di latela foromo ya konteraka e kgolo, mme tsela eo subcontractor e kgethilweng ka yona e etsa qeto ya hore na ke mang ya jarang kotsi ya mosebetsi wa yona. Subcontractor e nominated e kgethwa ke mohiri kapa principal agent. Subcontractor e selected e kgethwa ka tshebetso eo mohiri a e laolang, hangata ho tswa lenaneng le kgutshwane. Subcontractor e domestic e kgethwa ke kontraka e kgolo e le nngwe.

Mofuta	Ke mang ya kgethang	Ke mang ya lefang	Boikarabelo ba kontraka e kgolo
Nominated	Mohiri kapa principal agent	Kontraka e kgolo, ka setifikeiti sa tefo	Bo behilwe ke subcontract le konteraka e kgolo; bala tsona ka bobedi ka hloko.
Selected	Ka tshebetso eo mohiri a e laolang	Kontraka e kgolo	Bo behilwe ke melao ya JBCC ya subcontract; hlahloba kgatiso.
Domestic	Kontraka e kgolo	Kontraka e kgolo	Boikarabelo bo feletseng ho mohiri bakeng sa mosebetsi.

Diforomo tse tlwaelehileng ke JBCC Nominated/Selected Subcontract Agreement, NEC4 subcontract, le di-subcontract tse ngotsweng back-to-back le dikonteraka tse kgolo tsa GCC kapa FIDIC. Netefatsa hore dinako tsa ditsebiso, dinako tsa tefo le retention di tshwana le konteraka e kgolo. Sekgeo pakeng tsa tsona ke moo bakonteraka ba bangata ba lahlehelwang ke tjhelete teng.

O tsamaisa diprojeke tsa JBCC, NEC le GCC ka nako e le nngwe ka di-spreadsheet? Wakha e sebetsana le ditefo tsa tswelopele tlasa JBCC, NEC le GCC, di-variation order le ditifikeiti le retention tsa di-subcontractor, software e le nngwe e hahetsweng bahahi ba Afrika Borwa: bona demo ya sehlahiswa.

JBCC, NEC, GCC le FIDIC di bapiswa

JBCC, NEC, GCC le FIDIC di fapana haholo ka hore na ke mang ya tsamaisang konteraka, kamoo phetoho e lekanyetswang, kamoo tefo e netefatswang le kamoo diqabang di rarollwang. Tafole e ka tlase e fana ka papiso e potlakileng. Dinako tsa tefo le retention di behilwe data ya konteraka ka nngwe, ka hoo kamehla hlahloba tokomane e saennweng le kgatiso.

Karolo	JBCC	NEC4	GCC	FIDIC
Tshebediso e kgolo	Mesebetsi ya poraefete ya kaho	Infrastructure le engineering	Mesebetsi ya civil ya mmuso	Diprojeke tsa matjhaba
Motsamaisi	Principal agent	Project Manager	Engineer	Engineer
Mokgwa wa phetoho	Contract instructions le di-variation order	Compensation events	Di-variation order	Di-variation
Mosebetsi wa temoso ya pele	Ha ho sistimi e semmuso	E, mekga ka bobedi	Ha ho sistimi e semmuso	Mesebetsi e meng ya ditsebiso
Nako ya tefo	Contract data	Dibeke tse tharo ho tloha letsatsing la tekolo, ntle le haeba e fetotswe	Dipehelo le contract data	Matsatsi a 56 (2017 Red Book), ntle le haeba e fetotswe
Diqabang	Adjudication, ebe arbitration kapa lekgotla	Adjudication kapa dispute avoidance board, ebe tribunal	Adjudication, ebe arbitration kapa lekgotla	DAAB, ebe arbitration

Bakeng sa papiso e tebileng, bona dikonteraka tsa JBCC kgahlano le NEC kgahlano le GCC.

Kamoo o ka kgethang mofuta wa konteraka bakeng sa projeke ya hao

Diprojekeng tse ngata moreki o kgetha foromo, ka hoo dikgetho tsa nnete ke kgatiso, kgetho ya theko le contract data. Moqapi wa poraefete ya hahang matlo hangata o tla sebedisa JBCC PBA kapa MWA. Moreki wa mmuso ya hahang ditsela kapa diphaephe hangata o tla bolela GCC kapa NEC. Dipotso tse hlano di a thusa.

Moreki ke mang? Baqapi ba poraefete boholo ba sebedisa JBCC. Bareki ba mmuso ba kgetha ho tswa diforomong tse thathamisitsweng ke cidb.
Ho hahwa eng? Meaho e lekana le JBCC. Mesebetsi ya civil le engineering e lekana le GCC kapa NEC.
Mosebetsi o hlakile hakae? Mosebetsi o hlakileng o lekana le lump sum kapa remeasurement. Mosebetsi o sa hlakang o lekana le target cost kapa cost reimbursable.
Lehlakore ka leng le ka jara kotsi e kae? Lump sum e beha ho eketsehileng ho kontraka. Cost reimbursable e beha ho eketsehileng ho moreki.
Ke mang ya tla tsamaisa konteraka? NEC e hloka taolo e mafolofolo, e etswang ka nako mahlakoreng ka bobedi. Haeba sehlopha sa hao se sa kgone ho tswela pele le ditsebiso, eo ke kotsi ya nnete.

Haeba o sa tsebe, botsa quantity surveyor kapa ramolao wa kaho pele o saena. Ho fetola foromo kamora ho saena hangata ho bolela ho dumellana ka konteraka e ntjha.

Qetello

Mefuta e mene e meholo ya dikonteraka Afrika Borwa ke JBCC, NEC, GCC le FIDIC, mme e nngwe le e nngwe e fetola kamoo o etsang kleime, o lefuwang le o rarollang diqabang ka teng. Bala kgatiso le contract data pele o beha theko. Lekanya di-subcontract tsa hao le konteraka e kgolo. Ithute melao ya ditsebiso ya foromo eo o e saenang. Ke moo tjhelete ya konteraka e hapuwang kapa e lahlehang teng.

Dipotso tse Botswang Hangata

Konteraka ya kaho ya foromo e tlwaelehileng ke eng?

Ke konteraka e phatlaladitsweng ke mokgatlo wa indasteri, jwalo ka JBCC, NEC, SAICE (GCC) kapa FIDIC, e behang dipehelo tse akaretsang bakeng sa mosebetsi wa kaho kapa engineering. Mekga e eketsa dintlha tsa projeke contract data, jwalo ka theko, matsatsi, retention le nako ya tefo. Diforomo tse tlwaelehileng di fokotsa ditjeho tsa ho ngola mme di etsa hore ho be bonolo ho beha kotsi theko.

Ke lokela ho sebedisa mofuta ofe wa konteraka bakeng sa ntshetsopele ya poraefete ya matlo a bodulo?

JBCC ke kgetho e tlwaelehileng. Sebedisa Principal Building Agreement bakeng sa diprojeke tse rarahaneng tse nkang dikgwedi tse fetang tse robong kapa tse nang le contract sum e fetang R5,000,000. Sebedisa Minor Works Agreement bakeng sa diprojeke tse bonolo ka hare ho dikgwedi tse robong le R5,000,000. Ka bobedi di ngoletswe mesebetsi ya kaho mme di tsebahala hantle ho bakonteraka ba Afrika Borwa.

Na nka sebedisa JBCC bakeng sa projeke ya lekala la mmuso?

E, ho a kgoneha. cidb Standard for Uniformity in Construction Procurement e thathamisa JBCC, NEC, GCC le FIDIC e le diforomo tseo bareki ba mmuso ba ka di sebedisang. Ka tshebetso, mosebetsi wa mmuso wa civil le engineering boholo o sebedisa GCC kapa NEC. Ditokomane tsa tender di tla dula di bolela foromo e hlokahalang, ka hoo di latele.

Phapang pakeng tsa di-subcontractor tse nominated le tse domestic ke efe?

Subcontractor e nominated e kgethwa ke mohiri kapa principal agent, ebe e etsetswa konteraka le kontraka e kgolo. Subcontractor e domestic e kgethwa ke kontraka e kgolo e le nngwe, eo hangata e jarang boikarabelo bo feletseng ho mohiri bakeng sa mosebetsi wa yona. Phapang e ama phallo ya ditefo, boikarabelo le kamoo diphoso di sebetsanwang ka teng.

Na nka fetola foromo ya konteraka bohareng ba projeke?

Eseng ka bowena. Hang ha konteraka e saennwe, mekga ka bobedi e tlamilwe ke yona. Ho fetola foromo ho ka hloka hore mekga ka bobedi e dumellane, hangata ka ho fedisa konteraka e teng le ho saena e ntjha. Sena ha se hangata se sebetsa, ka hoo rarolla foromo, kgatiso le contract data pele o saena.

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