Iintlobo ezi-4 zeeKhontrakthi zoLwakhiwo eMzantsi Afrika

Uhlobo lwekhontrakthi lugqiba indlela ohlawulwa ngayo, ngubani othwala umngcipheko ngamnye nendlela ingxabano ephela ngayo, kudala phambi kokuba kubekwe isitena sokuqala.

Esi sikhokelo sichaza iintlobo ezine eziphambili zeekhontrakthi zolwakhiwo ezisetyenziswa eMzantsi Afrika: JBCC, NEC, GCC ne-FIDIC. Sigubungela ukuba ngubani osebenzisa nganye, indlela intlawulo notshintsho olusebenza ngayo, iindlela zokubeka amaxabiso, ii-subcontract, nendlela yokukhetha uhlobo olufanelekileyo lweprojekthi yakho.

Ziziphi iintlobo eziphambili zeekhontrakthi zolwakhiwo eMzantsi Afrika?

UMzantsi Afrika usebenzisa iiseti ezine eziphambili zeekhontrakthi zolwakhiwo eziqhelekileyo: i-JBCC yemisebenzi yokwakha, i-NEC ne-GCC zobunjineli neziseko zophuhliso zikawonke-wonke, ne-FIDIC yeeprojekthi ezixhaswa ngemali yamazwe ngamazwe. I-cidb Standard for Uniformity in Construction Procurement idwelisa zone njengeefom ezinokusetyenziswa ngabathengi bakarhulumente. Umsebenzi wokwakha wabucala uqhutywa ikakhulu yi-JBCC.

Iseti yekhontrakthi	Ipapashwe ngu	Ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo eMzantsi Afrika	Umlawuli wekhontrakthi
JBCC	Joint Building Contracts Committee	Umsebenzi wokwakha wabucala: amakhaya, ii-estate, ii-ofisi, iivenkile, ezoshishino.	Principal agent
NEC (NEC4)	NEC (ekuqaleni yase-UK)	Iziseko zophuhliso nobunjineli, isetyenziswa ziinkampani ezininzi zikarhulumente nee-metro.	Project Manager
GCC (uhlelo luka-2015 no-2025)	South African Institution of Civil Engineering (SAICE)	Imisebenzi yobunjineli bomphakathi neyobunjineli yabathengi besizwe, bephondo nabakamasipala.	Engineer (iarhente yomqeshi)
FIDIC	International Federation of Consulting Engineers	Iiprojekthi ezinabaxhasi-mali okanye oonokontraka bamazwe ngamazwe.	Engineer

Umthengi ngokuqhelekileyo ukhetha uhlobo aze aluchaze kumaxwebhu ethenda. Njengonokontraka, umsebenzi wakho kukufunda uhlelo ne-contract data phambi kokuba ubeke ixabiso. Esi sikhokelo sithatha iseti nganye ngokulandelelana.

Yintoni ikhontrakthi ye-JBCC?

Ikhontrakthi ye-JBCC yikhontrakthi yokwakha eqhelekileyo epapashwe yi-Joint Building Contracts Committee kwaye isetyenziswa kuninzi lomsebenzi wokwakha wabucala eMzantsi Afrika. Iifom eziphambili yi-Principal Building Agreement (PBA) yeeprojekthi ezinkulu okanye ezintsonkothileyo ne-Minor Works Agreement (MWA) yemisebenzi elula nemifutshane. I-principal agent iqhuba ikhontrakthi egameni lomqeshi.

Iseti ye-JBCC iquka:

Principal Building Agreement (PBA): ikhontrakthi ephambili yemisebenzi yokwakha, eyenzelwe iiprojekthi ezintsonkothileyo ezithatha ngaphezu kweenyanga ezilithoba okanye ezinexabiso lekhontrakthi elingaphezu kwe-R5,000,000. Igubungela utshintsho, ukwandiswa kwexesha, izatifikethi zentlawulo, ukugqitywa okusebenzayo, i-defects liability nokusonjululwa kweengxabano.
Minor Works Agreement (MWA): ikhontrakthi elula yeeprojekthi ezilula ezingagqithi kwiinyanga ezilithoba nezingagqithi kwi-R5,000,000. Ayinazo ii-subcontractor ezityunjiweyo okanye ezikhethiweyo.
Nominated/Selected Subcontract Agreement: yee-subcontractor ezikhethwe ngumqeshi okanye yi-principal agent zaza zenziwa ikhontrakthi nonokontraka ophambili.

Indlela intlawulo esebenza ngayo. Unokontraka ubanga inyanga nganye. I-principal agent, ngokuqhelekileyo nevalution ye-quantity surveyor, ikhupha isatifikethi sentlawulo sethutyana. Sigubungela umsebenzi owenziweyo, izixhobo ezisesizeni, utshintsho oluvunyiweyo ne-retention. Ixesha lentlawulo nepesenti ye-retention zibekwe kwi-contract data.

Indlela iingxabano ezisebenza ngayo. Amaqela aqala azame ukuvumelana. Ukuba oko kuyasilela, i-JBCC ibonelela nge-adjudication emva koko i-arbitration okanye inkundla, ngokuxhomekeke kwi-contract data.

Ngenkqubo epheleleyo yesatifikethi, bona isikhokelo sesatifikethi sentlawulo se-JBCC. I-quantity surveyor ilungiselela ivalution esemva kwesatifikethi ngasinye, ngoko indima yayo ibalulekile kuwo onke umsebenzi we-JBCC.

Yintoni ikhontrakthi ye-NEC?

Ikhontrakthi ye-NEC luhlobo oluqhelekileyo olwakhelwe kulawulo olusebenzayo, izilumkiso zangethuba (early warnings) nee-compensation events, kwaye i-NEC4 luhlelo lwangoku olusetyenziswa eMzantsi Afrika. Uhlobo oluphambili yi-Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC). Isetyenziswa kwiiprojekthi ezininzi zeziseko zophuhliso nezobunjineli ziinkampani zikarhulumente nee-metro, kwaye ayifane isetyenziswe kumsebenzi wokwakha wabucala.

I-NEC4 ECC inika iindlela ezintandathu eziphambili zokubeka amaxabiso:

Option	Isiseko sexabiso
A	Ikhontrakthi enexabiso ene-activity schedule
B	Ikhontrakthi enexabiso ene-bill of quantities
C	Ikhontrakthi ye-target ene-activity schedule
D	Ikhontrakthi ye-target ene-bill of quantities
E	Ikhontrakthi ye-cost reimbursable
F	Ikhontrakthi yolawulo (management contract)

Ezinye iifom ze-NEC4 ziquka i-Professional Services Contract ne-Term Service Contract yogcino oluqhubekayo.

Indlela intlawulo esebenza ngayo. I-Project Manager ivavanya isixa esifanelekileyo ngomhla ngamnye wovavanyo, obekwe kwi-contract data. Phantsi kwe-NEC4, intlawulo ifanele kwiiveki ezintathu emva komhla wovavanyo ngaphandle kokuba i-contract data ithi kungenjalo.

Indlela utshintsho olusebenza ngayo. Utshintsho luhamba ngee-compensation events. Omabini amaqela kufuneka anike izilumkiso zangethuba zeengxaki. Imida yexesha yezaziso ingqongqo, ngoko izaziso ezifike emva kwexesha zinokukulahlekisa ixesha nemali.

Indlela iingxabano ezisebenza ngayo. Iingxabano ziya kwi-adjudication okanye kwi-dispute avoidance board, ngokuxhomekeke kwi-option ekhethiweyo, emva koko kwi-tribunal echazwe kwi-contract data.

Ngesikhokelo esineenkcukacha ngezaziso namabango, funda ii-NEC compensation events eMzantsi Afrika.

Yintoni ikhontrakthi ye-GCC?

I-GCC yi-General Conditions of Contract for Construction Works epapashwe yi-SAICE, esetyenziswa ikakhulu kumsebenzi wobunjineli bomphakathi nowobunjineli wabathengi bakarhulumente. I-GCC 2015 isaqhelekile kwiikhontrakthi eziqhubekayo, kwaye i-SAICE iphehlelele uhlelo olutsha, i-GCC 2025. I-Engineer ilawula ikhontrakthi egameni lomqeshi kwaye iqinisekisa intlawulo.

Indlela intlawulo esebenza ngayo. I-GCC ngokuqhelekileyo yikhontrakthi ye-measure-and-value ene-bill of quantities. Unokontraka ungenisa ingxelo yenyanga, kwaye i-Engineer ilinganisa umsebenzi iqinisekise isixa esifanelekileyo. Ixesha lentlawulo ne-retention zibekwe kwimiqathango nakwi-contract data, ngoko jonga uhlelo oyisayinileyo.

Indlela utshintsho olusebenza ngayo. Utshintsho luyalelwa yi-Engineer. Amabango afuna isaziso esibhaliweyo ngaphakathi kwamaxesha amiselweyo, kwaye i-GCC 2025 yenza imithetho yezaziso ibe ngqongqo ngakumbi.

Indlela iingxabano ezisebenza ngayo. I-GCC ibonelela nge-adjudication, ilandelwe yi-arbitration okanye inkundla ukuba iqela alanelisekanga.

Ukuba ikhontrakthi yakho iqhutywa ngohlelo olutsha, funda i-GCC 2015 vs GCC 2025: yintoni etshintshayo kwintlawulo.

Isetyenziswa nini i-FIDIC eMzantsi Afrika?

Iikhontrakthi ze-FIDIC zisetyenziswa eMzantsi Afrika ikakhulu kwiiprojekthi ezinabaxhasi-mali bamazwe ngamazwe, iibhanki zophuhliso okanye oonokontraka bangaphandle. Zipapashwa yi-International Federation of Consulting Engineers. I-FIDIC ayiqhelekanga kumsebenzi wokwakha wasekhaya njenge-JBCC, kodwa ivela kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu zeziseko zophuhliso nezinqumla imida.

Iincwadi eziphambili ze-FIDIC zezi:

Red Book: ulwakhiwo oluyilwe ngumqeshi.
Yellow Book: i-plant ne-design-build.
Silver Book: iiprojekthi ze-EPC ne-turnkey, uninzi lomngcipheko lukunokontraka.
Green Book: uhlobo olufutshane lomsebenzi olula.

Indlela intlawulo esebenza ngayo. I-Engineer iqinisekisa iintlawulo zethutyana ngokusekelwe kwiingxelo zikanokontraka. Phantsi kwe-Red Book ka-2017, umqeshi uhlawula kwiintsuku ezingama-56 emva kokuba i-Engineer ifumene ingxelo, ngaphandle kokuba ikhontrakthi ithi kungenjalo.

Indlela iingxabano ezisebenza ngayo. Iinguqulelo zika-2017 zisebenzisa i-Dispute Avoidance/Adjudication Board (DAAB), emva koko i-arbitration.

Ziziphi iintlobo ezi-4 zeekhontrakthi zolwakhiwo ngokwexabiso?

Ngokwexabiso, iintlobo ezine zeekhontrakthi zolwakhiwo zi-lump sum, i-remeasurement, i-cost reimbursable ne-target cost. Nganye ihambisa umngcipheko weendleko ngokwahlukileyo phakathi komthengi nonokontraka. Zone zinokubhalwa kwiifom eziqhelekileyo zaseMzantsi Afrika. Itafile ibonisa ukuba loluphi uhlobo oluhamba nohlobo lwexabiso ngokuqhelekileyo.

Uhlobo lwexabiso	Indlela ixabiso elisebenza ngayo	Ngubani othwala umngcipheko weendleko	Iifom eziqhelekileyo zaseMzantsi Afrika
Lump sum	Ixabiso elimiselweyo lomsebenzi ochaziweyo, elihlawulwa ngokwenkqubela.	Ikakhulu unokontraka.	JBCC PBA (lump sum), NEC4 Option A, FIDIC Silver Book
Remeasurement (measure and value)	Amaxabiso kwi-bill of quantities, asetyenziswa kubungakanani obakhiwe ngokwenene.	Kwabelwana: umthengi uthwala umngcipheko wobungakanani, unokontraka uthwala umngcipheko wamaxabiso.	GCC, JBCC PBA with quantities, NEC4 Option B, FIDIC Red Book
Cost reimbursable	Umthengi uhlawula iindleko zokwenyani kunye nomrhumo.	Ikakhulu umthengi.	NEC4 Option E
Target cost	I-target evunyelwene ngayo, nolondolozo okanye ukugqithisa kwabelwana ngako.	Kwabelwana ngefomula ye-pain/gain.	NEC4 Options C no-D

Kuphuhliso lwezindlu, i-lump sum ne-remeasurement zezona ziqhelekileyo. Iikhontrakthi ze-cost reimbursable ne-target zifanelekile kwiiprojekthi apho umsebenzi ungacacanga ekuqaleni.

Izivumelwano ze-subcontract: nominated, selected ne-domestic

Izivumelwano ze-subcontract ngokuqhelekileyo zilandela uhlobo lwekhontrakthi ephambili, kwaye indlela i-subcontractor ekhethwe ngayo igqiba ukuba ngubani othwala umngcipheko womsebenzi wayo. I-nominated subcontractor ikhethwa ngumqeshi okanye yi-principal agent. I-selected subcontractor ikhethwa ngenkqubo elawulwa ngumqeshi, ngokuqhelekileyo kuluhlu olufutshane. I-domestic subcontractor ikhethwa ngunokontraka ophambili yedwa.

Uhlobo	Ngubani okhethayo	Ngubani ohlawulayo	Uxanduva lukanokontraka ophambili
Nominated	Umqeshi okanye i-principal agent	Unokontraka ophambili, ngesatifikethi sentlawulo	Lubekwe yi-subcontract nekhontrakthi ephambili; zifunde zombini ngononophelo.
Selected	Ngenkqubo elawulwa ngumqeshi	Unokontraka ophambili	Lubekwe yimithetho ye-subcontract ye-JBCC; jonga uhlelo.
Domestic	Unokontraka ophambili	Unokontraka ophambili	Uxanduva olupheleleyo kumqeshi ngomsebenzi.

Iifom eziqhelekileyo yi-JBCC Nominated/Selected Subcontract Agreement, i-NEC4 subcontract, nee-subcontract ezibhalwe ngokuhambelana ngqo neekhontrakthi eziphambili ze-GCC okanye FIDIC. Jonga ukuba amaxesha ezaziso, amaxesha entlawulo ne-retention ziyahambelana nekhontrakthi ephambili. Isikhewu phakathi kwazo kulapho oonokontraka abaninzi baphulukana nemali khona.

Uqhuba iiprojekthi ze-JBCC, NEC ne-GCC ecaleni kwenye kwii-spreadsheet? I-Wakha iphatha iintlawulo zenkqubela phantsi kwe-JBCC, NEC ne-GCC, ii-variation order nezatifikethi ze-sub-contractor ne-retention, kwisoftware enye eyakhelwe abakhi baseMzantsi Afrika: bona idemo yemveliso.

I-JBCC, NEC, GCC ne-FIDIC zithelekisiwe

I-JBCC, NEC, GCC ne-FIDIC zahluka ikakhulu ngokuba ngubani olawula ikhontrakthi, indlela utshintsho oluxabiswa ngayo, indlela intlawulo eqinisekiswa ngayo nendlela iingxabano ezisonjululwa ngayo. Le tafile ingezantsi inika uthelekiso olukhawulezayo. Amaxesha entlawulo ne-retention abekwe kwi-data yekhontrakthi nganye, ngoko soloko ujonga uxwebhu olusayiniweyo nohlelo.

Into	JBCC	NEC4	GCC	FIDIC
Ukusetyenziswa okuphambili	Imisebenzi yokwakha yabucala	Iziseko zophuhliso nobunjineli	Imisebenzi kawonke-wonke yobunjineli bomphakathi	Iiprojekthi zamazwe ngamazwe
Umlawuli	Principal agent	Project Manager	Engineer	Engineer
Indlela yotshintsho	Imiyalelo yekhontrakthi nee-variation order	Compensation events	Variation orders	Variations
Uxanduva lwesilumkiso sangethuba	Akukho nkqubo esesikweni	Ewe, omabini amaqela	Akukho nkqubo esesikweni	Ezinye iimbopheleleko zezaziso
Ixesha lentlawulo	Contract data	Iiveki ezintathu ukusuka kumhla wovavanyo, ngaphandle kokuba kutshintshiwe	Imiqathango ne-contract data	Iintsuku ezingama-56 (2017 Red Book), ngaphandle kokuba kutshintshiwe
Iingxabano	Adjudication, emva koko arbitration okanye inkundla	Adjudication okanye dispute avoidance board, emva koko tribunal	Adjudication, emva koko arbitration okanye inkundla	DAAB, emva koko arbitration

Ngothelekiso olunzulu ecaleni kwenye, bona iikhontrakthi ze-JBCC vs NEC vs GCC.

Indlela yokukhetha uhlobo lwekhontrakthi lweprojekthi yakho

Kwiiprojekthi ezininzi umthengi ukhetha uhlobo, ngoko ukhetho lokwenyani luhlelo, i-option yexabiso ne-contract data. Umphuhlisi wabucala owakha amakhaya ngokuqhelekileyo uya kusebenzisa i-JBCC PBA okanye i-MWA. Umthengi kawonke-wonke owakha iindlela okanye imibhobho ngokuqhelekileyo uya kuchaza i-GCC okanye i-NEC. Imibuzo emihlanu iyanceda.

Ngubani umthengi? Abaphuhlisi babucala ikakhulu basebenzisa i-JBCC. Abathengi bakarhulumente bakhetha kwiifom ezidweliswe yi-cidb.
Kwakhiwa ntoni? Izakhiwo zifanelana ne-JBCC. Imisebenzi yobunjineli bomphakathi neyobunjineli ifanelana ne-GCC okanye i-NEC.
Ucace kangakanani umsebenzi? Umsebenzi ocacileyo ufanelana ne-lump sum okanye i-remeasurement. Umsebenzi ongacacanga ufanelana ne-target cost okanye i-cost reimbursable.
Ungakanani umngcipheko onokuthwalwa liqela ngalinye? I-lump sum ibeka okuninzi kunokontraka. I-cost reimbursable ibeka okuninzi kumthengi.
Ngubani oza kuqhuba ikhontrakthi? I-NEC ifuna ulawulo olusebenzayo nolwangexesha kumacala omabini. Ukuba iqela lakho alinakuhambisana nezaziso, ngumngcipheko wokwenyani.

Ukuba awuqinisekanga, buza i-quantity surveyor okanye igqwetha lolwakhiwo phambi kokuba usayine. Ukutshintsha uhlobo emva kokusayina ngokuqhelekileyo kuthetha ukuvumelana ngekhontrakthi entsha.

Isishwankathelo

Iintlobo ezine eziphambili zeekhontrakthi eMzantsi Afrika yi-JBCC, NEC, GCC ne-FIDIC, kwaye nganye itshintsha indlela obanga ngayo, ohlawulwa ngayo nosombulula ngayo iingxabano. Funda uhlelo ne-contract data phambi kokuba ubeke ixabiso. Hambelanisa ii-subcontract zakho nekhontrakthi ephambili. Funda imithetho yezaziso yohlobo olusayinayo. Kulapho imali yekhontrakthi iphumelelwa okanye ilahleke khona.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo

Yintoni ikhontrakthi yolwakhiwo yohlobo oluqhelekileyo (standard form)?

Yikhontrakthi epapashwe liqumrhu leshishini, elifana ne-JBCC, NEC, SAICE (GCC) okanye FIDIC, ebeka imiqathango ngokubanzi yomsebenzi wokwakha okanye wobunjineli. Amaqela ongeza iinkcukacha zeprojekthi kwi-contract data, ezifana nexabiso, imihla, i-retention nexesha lentlawulo. Iifom eziqhelekileyo zinciphisa iindleko zokubhala kwaye zenza kube lula ukubeka ixabiso lomngcipheko.

Loluphi uhlobo lwekhontrakthi endimele ndilusebenzise kuphuhliso lwezindlu lwabucala?

I-JBCC lukhetho oluqhelekileyo. Sebenzisa i-Principal Building Agreement kwiiprojekthi ezintsonkothileyo ezithatha ngaphezu kweenyanga ezilithoba okanye ezinexabiso lekhontrakthi elingaphezu kwe-R5,000,000. Sebenzisa i-Minor Works Agreement kwiiprojekthi ezilula ezingaphakathi kweenyanga ezilithoba ne-R5,000,000. Zombini zibhalelwe imisebenzi yokwakha kwaye zaziwa kakuhle ngoonokontraka baseMzantsi Afrika.

Ndingayisebenzisa i-JBCC kwiprojekthi yecandelo likarhulumente?

Ewe, kunokwenzeka. I-cidb Standard for Uniformity in Construction Procurement idwelisa i-JBCC, NEC, GCC ne-FIDIC njengeefom ezinokusetyenziswa ngabathengi bakarhulumente. Ngokwenyani, umsebenzi kawonke-wonke wobunjineli bomphakathi nowobunjineli usebenzisa ikakhulu i-GCC okanye i-NEC. Amaxwebhu ethenda aya kuhlala echaza uhlobo olufunekayo, ngoko walandele.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwee-subcontractor ezityunjiweyo (nominated) nee-domestic?

I-nominated subcontractor ikhethwa ngumqeshi okanye yi-principal agent, emva koko yenziwe ikhontrakthi nonokontraka ophambili. I-domestic subcontractor ikhethwa ngunokontraka ophambili yedwa, othi ngokuqhelekileyo athwale uxanduva olupheleleyo kumqeshi ngomsebenzi wayo. Umahluko uchaphazela ukuhamba kweentlawulo, uxanduva nendlela iziphene eziphathwa ngayo.

Ndingatshintsha uhlobo lwekhontrakthi phakathi kweprojekthi?

Hayi ngokwakho. Xa ikhontrakthi isayiniwe, omabini amaqela abotshwe yiyo. Ukutshintsha uhlobo kungafuna ukuba omabini amaqela avumelane, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuphelisa ikhontrakthi ekhoyo nokusayina entsha. Oku akufane kwenzeke, ngoko gqiba uhlobo, uhlelo ne-contract data phambi kokusayina.

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