Iinhlobo ezi-4 Zeenkontraka Zokwakha eSewula Afrika

Ifomu yenkontraka iquma ukuthi ubhadelwa njani, ngubani othwala ubungozi obuthileko nokuthi ukuphikisana kuphela njani, isikhathi eside ngaphambi kobana kubekwe isitina sokuthoma.

Igayidi le ihlathulula iinhlobo ezine eziqakathekileko zeenkontraka zokwakha ezisetjenziswa eSewula Afrika: i-JBCC, i-NEC, i-GCC ne-FIDIC. Ifaka ukuthi ngubani osebenzisa ngayinye, indlela inkokhelo nama-variation asebenza ngayo, iindlela zokubeka amanani, ama-subcontract, nendlela yokukhetha ifomu efaneleko yephrojekthi yakho.

Ngiziphi iinhlobo eziqakathekileko zeenkontraka zokwakha eSewula Afrika?

ISewula Afrika isebenzisa amaqoqo amane aqakathekileko weenkontraka zokwakha ezijayelekileko: i-JBCC yemisebenzi yokwakha, i-NEC ne-GCC zobunjiniyela ne-infrastructure yomphakathi, ne-FIDIC yamaphrojekthi axhaswa ngokwamazwe ngamazwe. I-cidb Standard for Uniformity in Construction Procurement ibala zoke ezine njengamafomu amakhasimende womphakathi angawasebenzisa. Umsebenzi wokwakha wangasese ngokunengi usebenza nge-JBCC.

Iqoqo lenkontraka	Ishicilelwa ngu-	Ukusetjenziswa okujayelekileko eSewula Afrika	Umphathi wenkontraka
JBCC	Joint Building Contracts Committee	Umsebenzi wokwakha wangasese: izindlu, ama-estate, amahhovisi, iindawo zokuthenga, ezimboni.	Principal agent
NEC (NEC4)	NEC (yathoma e-UK)	I-infrastructure nobunjiniyela, esetjenziswa ziinkhampani zombuso ezinengi namadolobha amakhulu (metros).	Project Manager
GCC (iinhlelo zika-2015 nezika-2025)	South African Institution of Civil Engineering (SAICE)	Imisebenzi ye-civil nobunjiniyela yamakhasimende wezwe, wephrovinsi nawabomasipala.	Engineer (i-ejenti yomqatjhi)
FIDIC	International Federation of Consulting Engineers	Amaphrojekthi anabaxhasi namkha abakhontraga bamazwe ngamazwe.	Engineer

Ikhasimende ngokuvamileko likhetha ifomu begodu liyibize emadokhumentini wethenda. Njengekhontraga, umsebenzi wakho kufunda uhlelo (edition) ne-contract data ngaphambi kokubeka amanani. Ingcenye eseleko yegayidi le ithatha iqoqo ngalinye ngokulandelana.

Yini inkontraka ye-JBCC?

Inkontraka ye-JBCC yinkontraka yokwakha ejayelekileko eshicilelwa yi-Joint Building Contracts Committee begodu isetjenziswa emsebenzini omnengi wokwakha wangasese eSewula Afrika. Amafomu amakhulu yi-Principal Building Agreement (PBA) yamaphrojekthi amakhulu namkha arhabeleko ne-Minor Works Agreement (MWA) yemisebenzi elula nefitjhani. I-principal agent iphatha inkontraka egameni lomqatjhi.

Iqoqo le-JBCC lifaka:

Principal Building Agreement (PBA): inkontraka ekulu yemisebenzi yokwakha, ehlosiweko amaphrojekthi arhabeleko athatha ngaphezu kweenyanga ezilithoba namkha anenani lenkontraka elingaphezu kwe-R5,000,000. Ifaka ama-variation, ukwandiswa kwesikhathi, iinsitifiketi zenkokhelo, i-practical completion, i-defects liability nokurarulula ukuphikisana.
Minor Works Agreement (MWA): inkontraka elula yamaphrojekthi alula angadluli iinyanga ezilithoba nangadluli i-R5,000,000. Ayinawo ama-subcontractor akhethwe (nominated namkha selected).
Nominated/Selected Subcontract Agreement: yama-subcontractor akhethwe mqatjhi namkha yi-principal agent begodu anenkontraka nekhontraga ekulu.

Indlela inkokhelo esebenza ngayo. Ikhontraga ifaka isimangalo qobe nyanga. I-principal agent, ngokuvamileko nokulinganiswa kwe-quantity surveyor, ikhupha isitifiketi senkokhelo yesikhatjhana (interim payment certificate). Sifaka umsebenzi owenziweko, izinto zokwakha ezisesizeni, ama-variation avunyiweko ne-retention. Isikhathi senkokhelo nephesenti le-retention kubekwe ku-contract data.

Indlela ukuphikisana okusebenza ngayo. Iinhlangothi zizama kuqala ukuzwana. Nangabe lokho kwehluleka, i-JBCC inikela nge-adjudication bese kuba yi-arbitration namkha ikhotho, ngokuya nge-contract data.

Ukuthola inqubo epheleleko yesitifiketi, bona igayidi yesitifiketi senkokhelo se-JBCC. I-quantity surveyor ilungiselela ukulinganiswa okusemva kwesitifiketi ngasinye, ngalokho umsebenzi wayo uqakathekile kiwo woke umsebenzi we-JBCC.

Yini inkontraka ye-NEC?

Inkontraka ye-NEC yifomu ejayelekileko eyakhelwe ekuphatheni okusebenzako, ama-early warning nama-compensation event, begodu i-NEC4 luhlelo lwanje olusetjenziswa eSewula Afrika. Ifomu ekulu yi-Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC). Isetjenziswa emaphrojekthini amanengi we-infrastructure nobunjiniyela ziinkhampani zombuso namadolobha amakhulu, begodu kancani emsebenzini wokwakha wangasese.

I-NEC4 ECC inikela iindlela eziyisithandathu eziqakathekileko zokubeka amanani:

Indlela (Option)	Isisekelo sokubeka amanani
A	Inkontraka enamanani ene-activity schedule
B	Inkontraka enamanani ene-bill of quantities
C	Inkontraka ye-target ene-activity schedule
D	Inkontraka ye-target ene-bill of quantities
E	Inkontraka ye-cost reimbursable
F	Inkontraka yokuphatha (management contract)

Amanye amafomu we-NEC4 afaka i-Professional Services Contract ne-Term Service Contract yokunakekela okuqhubekako.

Indlela inkokhelo esebenza ngayo. I-Project Manager ilinganisa inani elifanele ukubhadelwa ngelanga ngalinye lokulinganisa (assessment date), elibekwe ku-contract data. Ngaphasi kwe-NEC4, inkokhelo ifanele ngaphakathi kwamaviki amathathu kusukela elangeni lokulinganisa ngaphandle kobana i-contract data itjho okunye.

Indlela iinguquko ezisebenza ngayo. Iinguquko zenziwa ngama-compensation event. Iinhlangothi zombili kufuze zinikele ama-early warning weenkinga. Imikhawulo yesikhathi yeembiko (notices) iqinile, ngalokho iimbiko ezifika sekudlulile zingakulahlekisela isikhathi nemali.

Indlela ukuphikisana okusebenza ngayo. Ukuphikisana kuya ku-adjudication namkha ku-dispute avoidance board, ngokuya ngendlela ekhethiweko, bese kuya ku-tribunal ebizwe ku-contract data.

Igayidi ezeleko ngeembiko neemangalo, funda i-NEC compensation events eSewula Afrika.

Yini inkontraka ye-GCC?

I-GCC yi-General Conditions of Contract for Construction Works eshicilelwa yi-SAICE, esetjenziswa khulukhulu emsebenzini we-civil nobunjiniyela wamakhasimende womphakathi. I-GCC 2015 isajayelekile eenkontrageni ezisaqhubekako, begodu i-SAICE yethula uhlelo olutjha, i-GCC 2025. I-Engineer iphatha inkontraka egameni lomqatjhi begodu inikela isitifiketi senkokhelo.

Indlela inkokhelo esebenza ngayo. I-GCC ngokuvamileko yinkontraka ye-measure-and-value ene-bill of quantities. Ikhontraga ifaka isitatimende senyanga, begodu i-Engineer ilinganisa umsebenzi begodu inikele isitifiketi senani elifanele ukubhadelwa. Isikhathi senkokhelo ne-retention kubekwe emigomweni naku-contract data, ngalokho hlola uhlelo owalusayinako.

Indlela iinguquko ezisebenza ngayo. Ama-variation ayalelwa yi-Engineer. Iimangalo zidinga isaziso esitloliweko ngaphakathi kweenkhathi ezibekiweko, begodu i-GCC 2025 yenza imithetho yeembiko iqine khulu.

Indlela ukuphikisana okusebenza ngayo. I-GCC inikela nge-adjudication, ilandelwe yi-arbitration namkha ikhotho nangabe ihlangothi alenelisekanga.

Nangabe inkontraka yakho isebenza ngohlelo olutjha, funda i-GCC 2015 vs GCC 2025: okutjhugulukako enkokhelweni.

I-FIDIC isetjenziswa nini eSewula Afrika?

Iinkontraka ze-FIDIC zisetjenziswa eSewula Afrika khulukhulu emaphrojekthini anabaxhasi bamazwe ngamazwe, amabhanga wokuthuthukisa namkha abakhontraga bangaphandle. Zishicilelwa yi-International Federation of Consulting Engineers. I-FIDIC ayijayelekanga emsebenzini wokwakha wendawo njenge-JBCC, kodwana iyavela emaphrojekthini amakhulu we-infrastructure namaphrojekthi aqabula imikhawulo yamazwe.

Iincwadi eziqakathekileko ze-FIDIC zile:

Red Book: ukwakha okuhlelwe (design) mqatjhi.
Yellow Book: i-plant ne-design-build.
Silver Book: amaphrojekthi we-EPC ne-turnkey, nobungozi obunengi bujamelene nekhontraga.
Green Book: ifomu efitjhani yomsebenzi olula.

Indlela inkokhelo esebenza ngayo. I-Engineer inikela iinsitifiketi zeenkokhelo zesikhatjhana ngokuya ngeensitatimende zekhontraga. Ngaphasi kwe-Red Book ka-2017, umqatjhi ubhadela ngaphakathi kwamalanga ama-56 ngemva kobana i-Engineer ithole isitatimende, ngaphandle kobana inkontraka itjho okunye.

Indlela ukuphikisana okusebenza ngayo. Iinhlelo zika-2017 zisebenzisa i-Dispute Avoidance/Adjudication Board (DAAB), bese kuba yi-arbitration.

Ngiziphi iinhlobo ezi-4 zeenkontraka zokwakha ngokuya ngokubeka amanani?

Ngokuya ngokubeka amanani, iinhlobo ezine zeenkontraka zokwakha yi-lump sum, i-remeasurement, i-cost reimbursable ne-target cost. Ngayinye ihambisa ubungozi beendleko ngendlela ehlukileko hlangana kwekhasimende nekhontraga. Zoke ezine zingatlolwa ngamafomu ajayelekileko weSewula Afrika. Ithebula litjengisa ukuthi ngiyiphi ifomu ngokuvamileko ehamba nohlobo oluthileko lokubeka amanani.

Uhlobo lokubeka amanani	Indlela intengo esebenza ngayo	Ngubani othwala ubungozi beendleko	Amafomu ajayelekileko eSewula Afrika
Lump sum	Intengo emiselweko yomsebenzi ohlathululiweko, ibhadelwa ngokuragela phambili.	Khulukhulu ikhontraga.	JBCC PBA (lump sum), NEC4 Option A, FIDIC Silver Book
Remeasurement (measure and value)	Amanani ku-bill of quantities, asetjenziswa kumanani womsebenzi owakhiwe ngamambala.	Kwabelwana: ikhasimende lithwala ubungozi bobunengi, ikhontraga ithwala ubungozi bamanani.	GCC, JBCC PBA with quantities, NEC4 Option B, FIDIC Red Book
Cost reimbursable	Ikhasimende libhadela iindleko zamambala kunye nemali (fee).	Khulukhulu ikhasimende.	NEC4 Option E
Target cost	I-target evunyelwene ngayo, nokongiwa namkha ukweqiwa kwabelwana.	Kwabelwana ngefomula ye-pain/gain.	NEC4 Options C and D

Eentuthukisweni zezindlu zokuhlala, i-lump sum ne-remeasurement zijayelekile khulu. I-cost reimbursable neenkontraka ze-target zifanele amaphrojekthi lapho umsebenzi ungacacanga ekuthomeni.

Iinvumelwano ze-subcontract: ama-nominated, ama-selected nama-domestic

Iinvumelwano ze-subcontract ngokuvamileko zilandela ifomu yenkontraka ekulu, begodu indlela i-subcontractor ekhethwe ngayo iquma ukuthi ngubani othwala ubungozi bomsebenzi wayo. I-nominated subcontractor ikhethwa mqatjhi namkha yi-principal agent. I-selected subcontractor ikhethwa ngenqubo elawulwa mqatjhi, kanengi ohlwini olufitjhani. I-domestic subcontractor ikhethwa yikhontraga ekulu iyodwa.

Uhlobo	Ngubani okhethako	Ngubani obhadelako	Umthwalo wekhontraga ekulu
Nominated	Umqatjhi namkha i-principal agent	Ikhontraga ekulu, ngesitifiketi senkokhelo	Ubekwe yi-subcontract nenkontraka ekulu; zifunde zoke ngokutjheja.
Selected	Ngenqubo elawulwa mqatjhi	Ikhontraga ekulu	Ubekwe yimithetho ye-subcontract ye-JBCC; hlola uhlelo.
Domestic	Ikhontraga ekulu	Ikhontraga ekulu	Umthwalo opheleleko kumqatjhi ngomsebenzi.

Amafomu ajayelekileko yi-JBCC Nominated/Selected Subcontract Agreement, i-subcontract ye-NEC4, nama-subcontract atlolwe ngokuhambisana (back-to-back) neenkontraka ezikulu ze-GCC namkha ze-FIDIC. Hlola ukuthi iinkhathi zeembiko, iinkhathi zenkokhelo ne-retention kuyahambisana nenkontraka ekulu. Ikhala hlangana kwazo yilapho abakhontraga abanengi balahlekelwa khona yimali.

Uqhuba amaphrojekthi we-JBCC, NEC ne-GCC ndawonye ngama-spreadsheet? I-Wakha iphatha iinkokhelo zokuragela phambili ngaphasi kwe-JBCC, NEC ne-GCC, ama-variation order neensitifiketi zama-sub-contractor ne-retention, esoftwareni yinye eyakhelwe abakhi beSewula Afrika: bona idemo yomkhiqizo.

I-JBCC, i-NEC, i-GCC ne-FIDIC zifaniswa

I-JBCC, i-NEC, i-GCC ne-FIDIC zihluka khulukhulu ngokuthi ngubani ophatha inkontraka, iinguquko zilinganiswa njani, inkokhelo inikelwa njani isitifiketi nokuthi ukuphikisana kurarululwa njani. Ithebula elingaphasi linikela ukufanisa okusheshako. Iinkhathi zenkokhelo ne-retention kubekwe ku-data yenkontraka ngayinye, ngalokho hlala uhlola idokhumenti esayiniweko nohlelo.

Isici	JBCC	NEC4	GCC	FIDIC
Ukusetjenziswa okukhulu	Imisebenzi yokwakha yangasese	I-infrastructure nobunjiniyela	Imisebenzi ye-civil yomphakathi	Amaphrojekthi wamazwe ngamazwe
Umphathi	Principal agent	Project Manager	Engineer	Engineer
Indlela yeenguquko	Iinkhombandlela zenkontraka nama-variation order	Ama-compensation event	Ama-variation order	Ama-variation
Umsebenzi we-early warning	Ayikho isistimu esemthethweni	Iye, iinhlangothi zombili	Ayikho isistimu esemthethweni	Eminye imisebenzi yeembiko
Isikhathi senkokhelo	I-contract data	Amaviki amathathu kusukela elangeni lokulinganisa, ngaphandle kobana kutjhugululwe	Imigomo ne-contract data	Amalanga ama-56 (2017 Red Book), ngaphandle kobana kutjhugululwe
Ukuphikisana	I-adjudication, bese kuba yi-arbitration namkha ikhotho	I-adjudication namkha i-dispute avoidance board, bese kuba yi-tribunal	I-adjudication, bese kuba yi-arbitration namkha ikhotho	I-DAAB, bese kuba yi-arbitration

Ukufanisa okunzulu, bona iinkontraka ze-JBCC vs NEC vs GCC.

Ungalukhetha njani uhlobo lwenkontraka lwephrojekthi yakho

Emaphrojekthini amanengi ikhasimende likhetha ifomu, ngalokho ukukhetha kwamambala luhlelo, indlela yokubeka amanani ne-contract data. Umthuthukisi wangasese owakha izindlu ngokuvamileko uzokusebenzisa i-JBCC PBA namkha i-MWA. Ikhasimende lomphakathi elakha imigwaqo namkha amapayipi ngokuvamileko lizokucacisa i-GCC namkha i-NEC. Imibuzo emihlanu iyasiza.

Ngubani ikhasimende? Abathuthukisi bangasese ngokunengi basebenzisa i-JBCC. Amakhasimende womphakathi akhetha emafomini abalwe yi-cidb.
Kwakhiwani? Izakhiwo zifanele i-JBCC. Imisebenzi ye-civil nobunjiniyela ifanele i-GCC namkha i-NEC.
Umsebenzi ucace kangangani? Umsebenzi ocacileko ufanele i-lump sum namkha i-remeasurement. Umsebenzi ongacacanga ufanele i-target cost namkha i-cost reimbursable.
Ihlangothi ngalinye lingathwala ubungozi obungangani? I-lump sum ibeka okunengi ekhontrageni. I-cost reimbursable ibeka okunengi ekhasimendeni.
Ngubani ozokuphatha inkontraka? I-NEC idinga ukuphatha okusebenzako nokusesikhathini macala woke. Nangabe ithimba lakho alikghoni ukulandela iimbiko, lobo bungozi bamambala.

Nawungaqiniseki, buza i-quantity surveyor namkha ummeli wezokwakha ngaphambi kokusayina. Ukutjhugulula ifomu ngemva kokusayina ngokuvamileko kutjho ukuvumelana ngenkontraka etjha.

Isiphetho

Iinhlobo ezine eziqakathekileko zeenkontraka eSewula Afrika yi-JBCC, i-NEC, i-GCC ne-FIDIC, begodu ngayinye itjhugulula indlela ofaka ngayo iimangalo, obhadelwa ngayo nendlela ukuphikisana okurarululwa ngayo. Funda uhlelo ne-contract data ngaphambi kokubeka amanani. Fanisa ama-subcontract akho nenkontraka ekulu. Funda imithetho yeembiko yefomu oyisayinako. Lapho yindawo imali yenkontraka iwinwa namkha ilahlwa khona.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Qobe

Yini inkontraka yokwakha yefomu ejayelekileko (standard form)?

Yinkontraka eshicilelwa sihlangano somkhakha, esifana ne-JBCC, i-NEC, i-SAICE (GCC) namkha i-FIDIC, ebeka imigomo ejayelekileko yomsebenzi wokwakha namkha wobunjiniyela. Iinhlangothi zengeza imininingwana yephrojekthi ku-contract data, efana nentengo, amalanga, i-retention nesikhathi senkokhelo. Amafomu ajayelekileko ehlisa iindleko zokutlola begodu enza ubungozi bube lula ukubekelwa intengo.

Ngiluphi uhlobo lwenkontraka okufuze ngilusebenzise entuthukisweni yezindlu zokuhlala yangasese?

I-JBCC kukhetha okujayelekileko. Sebenzisa i-Principal Building Agreement emaphrojekthini arhabeleko athatha ngaphezu kweenyanga ezilithoba namkha anenani lenkontraka elingaphezu kwe-R5,000,000. Sebenzisa i-Minor Works Agreement emaphrojekthini alula angaphakathi kweenyanga ezilithoba ne-R5,000,000. Zombili zitlolelwe imisebenzi yokwakha begodu zaziwa kuhle babakhontraga beSewula Afrika.

Ingabe ngingasebenzisa i-JBCC ephrojekthini yomkhakha womphakathi?

Iye, kungenzeka. I-cidb Standard for Uniformity in Construction Procurement ibala i-JBCC, i-NEC, i-GCC ne-FIDIC njengamafomu amakhasimende womphakathi angawasebenzisa. Ngokwamambala, umsebenzi we-civil nobunjiniyela womphakathi ngokunengi usebenzisa i-GCC namkha i-NEC. Amadokhumenti wethenda azokuhlala atjho ifomu efunekako, ngalokho walandele.

Ngimuphi umehluko hlangana kwama-nominated nama-domestic subcontractor?

I-nominated subcontractor ikhethwa mqatjhi namkha yi-principal agent, bese ifumana inkontraka nekhontraga ekulu. I-domestic subcontractor ikhethwa yikhontraga ekulu iyodwa, ngokuvamileko ethwala umthwalo opheleleko kumqatjhi ngomsebenzi wayo. Umehluko uthinta ukukhamba kwenkokhelo, umthwalo nendlela amaphutha aphathwa ngayo.

Ingabe ngingatjhugulula amafomu wenkontraka phakathi nephrojekthi?

Awa, ungeze wakwenza wedwa. Lokha inkontraka isayiniwe, iinhlangothi zombili ziyabotjhwa yiyo. Ukutjhugulula ifomu kungadinga iinhlangothi zombili zivumelane, ngokuvamileko ngokuqeda inkontraka ekhona nokusayina etjha. Lokhu akuvamisi ukusebenza, ngalokho qeda ifomu, uhlelo ne-contract data ngaphambi kokusayina.

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