Izinhlobo Ezi-4 Zezinkontileka Zokwakha eNingizimu Afrika

Ifomu lenkontileka linquma ukuthi ukhokhelwa kanjani, ngubani othwala buphi ubungozi nokuthi ingxabano iphela kanjani, kudala ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe isitini sokuqala.

Lo mhlahlandlela uchaza izinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zezinkontileka zokwakha ezisetshenziswa eNingizimu Afrika: i-JBCC, i-NEC, i-GCC ne-FIDIC. Uhlanganisa ukuthi ngubani osebenzisa ngayinye, ukuthi inkokhelo nezinguquko kusebenza kanjani, izindlela zokubeka intengo, ama-subcontract nokuthi ungalikhetha kanjani ifomu elifanele lephrojekthi yakho.

Ziyini izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezinkontileka zokwakha eNingizimu Afrika?

INingizimu Afrika isebenzisa amaqoqo amane ayinhloko ezinkontileka ezijwayelekile zokwakha: i-JBCC yemisebenzi yokwakha, i-NEC ne-GCC zobunjiniyela nengqalasizinda kahulumeni, ne-FIDIC yamaphrojekthi axhaswe ngamazwe angaphandle. I-cidb Standard for Uniformity in Construction Procurement ibala zonke ezine njengamafomu amaklayenti kahulumeni angawasebenzisa. Umsebenzi wokwakha ozimele uqhutshwa kakhulu nge-JBCC.

Iqoqo lenkontileka	Lishicilelwe ngu	Ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile eNingizimu Afrika	Umphathi wenkontileka
JBCC	Joint Building Contracts Committee	Umsebenzi wokwakha ozimele: izindlu, ama-estate, amahhovisi, izitolo, izimboni.	I-principal agent
NEC (NEC4)	NEC (ekuqaleni yase-UK)	Ingqalasizinda nobunjiniyela, esetshenziswa yizinkampani zikahulumeni eziningana nama-metro.	I-Project Manager
GCC (izinguqulo zika-2015 no-2025)	South African Institution of Civil Engineering (SAICE)	Imisebenzi ye-civil neyobunjiniyela yamaklayenti kazwelonke, esifundazwe nawomasipala.	Unjiniyela (i-agent yomqashi)
FIDIC	International Federation of Consulting Engineers	Amaphrojekthi anabaxhasi noma osonkontileka bamazwe angaphandle.	Unjiniyela

Iklayenti ngokuvamile likhetha ifomu futhi liliqambe emibhalweni yethenda. Njengosonkontileka, umsebenzi wakho wukufunda inguqulo ne-contract data ngaphambi kokubeka intengo. Lonke elinye ingxenye yalo mhlahlandlela ithatha iqoqo ngalinye ngokulandelana.

Iyini inkontileka ye-JBCC?

Inkontileka ye-JBCC yinkontileka ejwayelekile yokwakha eshicilelwe yi-Joint Building Contracts Committee futhi esetshenziselwa umsebenzi omningi wokwakha ozimele eNingizimu Afrika. Amafomu ayinhloko yi-Principal Building Agreement (PBA) yamaphrojekthi amakhulu noma ayinkimbinkimbi ne-Minor Works Agreement (MWA) yemisebenzi elula nemfushane. I-principal agent iqhuba inkontileka egameni lomqashi.

Iqoqo le-JBCC lihlanganisa:

I-Principal Building Agreement (PBA): inkontileka eyinhloko yemisebenzi yokwakha, ehloselwe amaphrojekthi ayinkimbinkimbi athatha ngaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye noma anenani lenkontileka elingaphezu kwe-R5,000,000. Ihlanganisa izinguquko, ukwelulwa kwesikhathi, izitifiketi zenkokhelo, ukuqedwa okungokoqobo, isibopho samaphutha nokuxazululwa kwezingxabano.
I-Minor Works Agreement (MWA): inkontileka elula yamaphrojekthi alula angadluli izinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye futhi angadluli i-R5,000,000. Ayinawo ama-subcontractor aqokiwe noma akhethiwe.
I-Nominated/Selected Subcontract Agreement: yama-subcontractor akhethwe ngumqashi noma yi-principal agent futhi anenkontileka nosonkontileka omkhulu.

Indlela inkokhelo esebenza ngayo. Usonkontileka ufaka isimangalo njalo ngenyanga. I-principal agent, ngokuvamile nesilinganiso se-quantity surveyor, ikhipha isitifiketi senkokhelo yesikhashana (interim payment certificate). Sihlanganisa umsebenzi owenziwe, izinto zokwakha ezisesizeni, izinguquko ezivunyiwe ne-retention. Isikhathi senkokhelo nephesenti le-retention kubekwa ku-contract data.

Indlela izingxabano ezisebenza ngayo. Izinhlangothi ziqala ngokuzama ukuxazulula. Uma lokho kwehluleka, i-JBCC ihlinzekela i-adjudication bese kuba yi-arbitration noma inkantolo, kuye nge-contract data.

Ngenqubo ephelele yesitifiketi, bona umhlahlandlela wesitifiketi senkokhelo se-JBCC. I-quantity surveyor ilungisa isilinganiso esingemuva kwesitifiketi ngasinye, ngakho indima yayo ibalulekile kuyo yonke imisebenzi ye-JBCC.

Iyini inkontileka ye-NEC?

Inkontileka ye-NEC yifomu elijwayelekile elakhelwe ukuphatha okusebenzayo, izexwayiso zakusenesikhathi (early warnings) nama-compensation event, futhi i-NEC4 yinguqulo yamanje esetshenziswa eNingizimu Afrika. Ifomu eliyinhloko yi-Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC). Isetshenziswa emaphrojekthini amaningi engqalasizinda nobunjiniyela yizinkampani zikahulumeni nama-metro, futhi ayivamile emsebenzini wokwakha ozimele.

I-NEC4 ECC inikeza izindlela eziyisithupha eziyinhloko zokubeka intengo:

Inketho	Isisekelo sentengo
A	Inkontileka enentengo ene-activity schedule
B	Inkontileka enentengo ene-bill of quantities
C	Inkontileka ye-target ene-activity schedule
D	Inkontileka ye-target ene-bill of quantities
E	Inkontileka ye-cost reimbursable
F	Inkontileka yokuphatha (management contract)

Amanye amafomu e-NEC4 ahlanganisa i-Professional Services Contract ne-Term Service Contract yokunakekela okuqhubekayo.

Indlela inkokhelo esebenza ngayo. I-Project Manager ihlola inani elikhokhwayo osukwini ngalunye lokuhlola, olubekwe ku-contract data. Ngaphansi kwe-NEC4, inkokhelo ifanele zingakapheli amasonto amathathu kusukela osukwini lokuhlola ngaphandle uma i-contract data isho okunye.

Indlela izinguquko ezisebenza ngayo. Izinguquko zihamba ngama-compensation event. Zombili izinhlangothi kufanele zinikeze izexwayiso zakusenesikhathi zezinkinga. Imikhawulo yesikhathi yezaziso iqinile, ngakho izaziso ezephuzile zingakulahlekisela ngesikhathi nemali.

Indlela izingxabano ezisebenza ngayo. Izingxabano ziya ku-adjudication noma ku-dispute avoidance board, kuye ngenketho ekhethiwe, bese ziya enkantolo noma esigungwini (tribunal) esiqanjwe ku-contract data.

Ngomhlahlandlela oningiliziwe wezaziso nezimangalo, funda ama-compensation event e-NEC eNingizimu Afrika.

Iyini inkontileka ye-GCC?

I-GCC yi-General Conditions of Contract for Construction Works eshicilelwe yi-SAICE, esetshenziswa kakhulu emsebenzini we-civil nowobunjiniyela wamaklayenti kahulumeni. I-GCC 2015 isavamile ezinkontilekeni eziqhubekayo, futhi i-SAICE yethula inguqulo entsha, i-GCC 2025. Unjiniyela uphatha inkontileka egameni lomqashi futhi uqinisekisa inkokhelo.

Indlela inkokhelo esebenza ngayo. I-GCC ngokuvamile iyinkontileka yokulinganisa nokubala inani (measure-and-value) ene-bill of quantities. Usonkontileka uthumela isitatimende senyanga, bese unjiniyela elinganisa umsebenzi futhi aqinisekise inani elikhokhwayo. Isikhathi senkokhelo ne-retention kubekwa emibandelweni nase-contract data, ngakho hlola inguqulo oyisayinile.

Indlela izinguquko ezisebenza ngayo. Izinguquko zi-odwa ngunjiniyela. Izimangalo zidinga isaziso esibhaliwe ngaphakathi kwezikhathi ezibekiwe, futhi i-GCC 2025 yenza imithetho yezaziso iqine kakhulu.

Indlela izingxabano ezisebenza ngayo. I-GCC ihlinzekela i-adjudication, elandelwa yi-arbitration noma inkantolo uma uhlangothi lungenelisekile.

Uma inkontileka yakho iqhutshwa ngenguqulo entsha, funda i-GCC 2015 ngokumelene ne-GCC 2025: okushintshayo enkokhelweni.

I-FIDIC isetshenziswa nini eNingizimu Afrika?

Izinkontileka ze-FIDIC zisetshenziswa eNingizimu Afrika ikakhulukazi emaphrojekthini anabaxhasi bamazwe angaphandle, amabhange entuthuko noma osonkontileka bakwamanye amazwe. Zishicilelwa yi-International Federation of Consulting Engineers. I-FIDIC ayivamile emsebenzini wokwakha wendawo njenge-JBCC, kodwa ivela emaphrojekthini amakhulu engqalasizinda nawedlula imingcele.

Izincwadi eziyinhloko ze-FIDIC yilezi:

I-Red Book: ukwakha okuklanywe ngumqashi.
I-Yellow Book: imishini nokuklama-nokwakha (design-build).
I-Silver Book: amaphrojekthi e-EPC ne-turnkey, ubungozi obuningi bukusonkontileka.
I-Green Book: ifomu elifushane lomsebenzi olula.

Indlela inkokhelo esebenza ngayo. Unjiniyela uqinisekisa izinkokhelo zesikhashana ngokusekelwe ezitatimendeni zikasonkontileka. Ngaphansi kwe-Red Book ka-2017, umqashi ukhokha zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-56 ngemva kokuba unjiniyela ethole isitatimende, ngaphandle uma inkontileka isho okunye.

Indlela izingxabano ezisebenza ngayo. Izinguqulo zika-2017 zisebenzisa i-Dispute Avoidance/Adjudication Board (DAAB), bese kuba yi-arbitration.

Ziyini izinhlobo ezi-4 zezinkontileka zokwakha ngokwentengo?

Ngokwentengo, izinhlobo ezine zezinkontileka zokwakha yi-lump sum, i-remeasurement, i-cost reimbursable nezinkontileka ze-target cost. Ngayinye ihambisa ubungozi bezindleko ngendlela ehlukile phakathi kweklayenti nosonkontileka. Zonke ezine zingabhalwa kumafomu ajwayelekile aseNingizimu Afrika. Ithebula likhombisa ukuthi yiliphi ifomu elivame ukuhambisana nohlobo luphi lwentengo.

Uhlobo lwentengo	Indlela intengo esebenza ngayo	Ngubani othwala ubungozi bezindleko	Amafomu avamile aseNingizimu Afrika
Lump sum	Intengo engashintshi yomsebenzi ochaziwe, ekhokhwa ngenqubekelaphambili.	Ikakhulukazi usonkontileka.	JBCC PBA (lump sum), NEC4 Option A, FIDIC Silver Book
Remeasurement (measure and value)	Amanani ku-bill of quantities, asetshenziswa ezinanini ezakhiwe ngempela.	Kwabelwana: iklayenti lithwala ubungozi bobuningi, usonkontileka uthwala ubungozi bamanani.	GCC, JBCC PBA with quantities, NEC4 Option B, FIDIC Red Book
Cost reimbursable	Iklayenti likhokha izindleko zangempela kanye nemali yomsebenzi.	Ikakhulukazi iklayenti.	NEC4 Option E
Target cost	I-target okuvunyelwene ngayo, nokonga noma ukweqa kwabelwana.	Kwabelwana ngefomula ye-pain/gain.	NEC4 Options C and D

Ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlu, i-lump sum ne-remeasurement yizona ezivame kakhulu. Izinkontileka ze-cost reimbursable nezama-target zifanele amaphrojekthi lapho ububanzi bomsebenzi bungacacile ekuqaleni.

Izivumelwano ze-subcontract: ezi-nominated, ezi-selected nezasekhaya

Izivumelwano ze-subcontract ngokuvamile zilandela ifomu lenkontileka eyinhloko, futhi indlela i-subcontractor ekhethwe ngayo inquma ukuthi ngubani othwala ubungozi bomsebenzi wayo. I-subcontractor e-nominated ikhethwa ngumqashi noma yi-principal agent. I-subcontractor e-selected ikhethwa ngenqubo elawulwa ngumqashi, ngokuvamile ohlwini olufushane. I-subcontractor yasekhaya (domestic) ikhethwa ngusonkontileka omkhulu yedwa.

Uhlobo	Ngubani okhethayo	Ngubani okhokhayo	Isibopho sikasonkontileka omkhulu
Nominated	Umqashi noma i-principal agent	Usonkontileka omkhulu, ngesitifiketi senkokhelo	Kubekwa yi-subcontract nenkontileka eyinhloko; zifunde zombili ngokucophelela.
Selected	Ngenqubo elawulwa ngumqashi	Usonkontileka omkhulu	Kubekwa yimithetho ye-subcontract ye-JBCC; hlola inguqulo.
Domestic	Usonkontileka omkhulu	Usonkontileka omkhulu	Isibopho esigcwele kumqashi ngomsebenzi.

Amafomu avamile yi-JBCC Nominated/Selected Subcontract Agreement, i-NEC4 subcontract, nama-subcontract abhalwe ngokuhambisana (back-to-back) nezinkontileka eziyinhloko ze-GCC noma ze-FIDIC. Hlola ukuthi izikhathi zezaziso, izikhathi zenkokhelo ne-retention kuyahambisana nenkontileka eyinhloko. Igebe phakathi kwazo yilapho osonkontileka abaningi balahlekelwa yimali khona.

Uqhuba amaphrojekthi e-JBCC, NEC ne-GCC ngokuhambisana kumaspredishithi? I-Wakha iphatha izinkokhelo zenqubekelaphambili ngaphansi kwe-JBCC, NEC ne-GCC, ama-variation order nezitifiketi ne-retention yama-sub-contractor, kusoftware eyodwa eyakhelwe abakhi baseNingizimu Afrika: bona idemo yomkhiqizo.

Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-JBCC, NEC, GCC ne-FIDIC

I-JBCC, NEC, GCC ne-FIDIC zihluke ikakhulukazi ngokuthi ngubani ophatha inkontileka, ukuthi izinguquko zilinganiswa kanjani, ukuthi inkokhelo iqinisekiswa kanjani nokuthi izingxabano zixazululwa kanjani. Ithebula elingezansi linikeza ukuqhathanisa okusheshayo. Izikhathi zenkokhelo ne-retention kubekwa kudatha yenkontileka ngayinye, ngakho njalo hlola umbhalo osayiniwe nenguqulo.

Isici	JBCC	NEC4	GCC	FIDIC
Ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko	Imisebenzi yokwakha ezimele	Ingqalasizinda nobunjiniyela	Imisebenzi ye-civil kahulumeni	Amaphrojekthi omhlaba
Umphathi	I-principal agent	I-Project Manager	Unjiniyela	Unjiniyela
Indlela yezinguquko	Ama-contract instruction nama-variation order	Ama-compensation event	Ama-variation order	Ama-variation
Umsebenzi wesexwayiso sakusenesikhathi	Alukho uhlelo olusemthethweni	Yebo, zombili izinhlangothi	Alukho uhlelo olusemthethweni	Eminye imisebenzi yezaziso
Isikhathi senkokhelo	I-contract data	Amasonto amathathu kusukela osukwini lokuhlola, ngaphandle uma kushintshiwe	Imibandela ne-contract data	Izinsuku ezingama-56 (2017 Red Book), ngaphandle uma kushintshiwe
Izingxabano	I-adjudication, bese kuba yi-arbitration noma inkantolo	I-adjudication noma i-dispute avoidance board, bese kuba yi-tribunal	I-adjudication, bese kuba yi-arbitration noma inkantolo	I-DAAB, bese kuba yi-arbitration

Ngokuqhathanisa okujulile, bona izinkontileka ze-JBCC ngokumelene ne-NEC ne-GCC.

Indlela yokukhetha uhlobo lwenkontileka lwephrojekthi yakho

Kumaphrojekthi amaningi iklayenti likhetha ifomu, ngakho ukukhetha kwangempela yinguqulo, inketho yentengo ne-contract data. Umthuthukisi ozimele owakha izindlu uvame ukusebenzisa i-JBCC PBA noma i-MWA. Iklayenti likahulumeni elakha imigwaqo noma amapayipi livame ukucacisa i-GCC noma i-NEC. Imibuzo emihlanu iyasiza.

Ngubani iklayenti? Abathuthukisi abazimele basebenzisa kakhulu i-JBCC. Amaklayenti kahulumeni akhetha kumafomu abalwe yi-cidb.
Kwakhiwani? Izakhiwo zifanele i-JBCC. Imisebenzi ye-civil neyobunjiniyela ifanele i-GCC noma i-NEC.
Ububanzi bomsebenzi bucace kangakanani? Ububanzi obucacile bufanele i-lump sum noma i-remeasurement. Ububanzi obungacacile bufanele i-target cost noma i-cost reimbursable.
Uhlangothi ngalunye lungathwala ubungozi obungakanani? I-lump sum ibeka okuningi kusonkontileka. I-cost reimbursable ibeka okuningi kuklayenti.
Ngubani ozoqhuba inkontileka? I-NEC idinga ukuphatha okusebenzayo nokwenziwa ngesikhathi kuzo zombili izinhlangothi. Uma ithimba lakho lingakwazi ukuhambisana nezaziso, lobo wubungozi bangempela.

Uma ungaqiniseki, buza i-quantity surveyor noma ummeli wezokwakha ngaphambi kokusayina. Ukushintsha ifomu ngemva kokusayina ngokuvamile kusho ukuvumelana ngenkontileka entsha.

Isiphetho

Izinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zezinkontileka eNingizimu Afrika yi-JBCC, NEC, GCC ne-FIDIC, futhi ngayinye ishintsha indlela ofaka ngayo izimangalo, okhokhelwa ngayo nexazulula ngayo izingxabano. Funda inguqulo ne-contract data ngaphambi kokubeka intengo. Fanisa ama-subcontract akho nenkontileka eyinhloko. Funda imithetho yezaziso yefomu oyisayinayo. Yilapho imali yenkontileka iwinwa noma ilahlwa khona.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Iyini inkontileka yokwakha yefomu elijwayelekile?

Yinkontileka eshicilelwe yinhlangano yemboni, efana ne-JBCC, NEC, SAICE (GCC) noma i-FIDIC, ebeka imibandela ejwayelekile yomsebenzi wokwakha noma wobunjiniyela. Izinhlangothi zengeza imininingwane yephrojekthi ku-contract data, njengentengo, izinsuku, i-retention nesikhathi senkokhelo. Amafomu ajwayelekile anciphisa izindleko zokubhala futhi enza ubungozi bube lula ukububekela intengo.

Yiluphi uhlobo lwenkontileka okufanele ngilusebenzise ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlu okuzimele?

I-JBCC yikhetho elijwayelekile. Sebenzisa i-Principal Building Agreement yamaphrojekthi ayinkimbinkimbi athatha ngaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye noma anenani lenkontileka elingaphezu kwe-R5,000,000. Sebenzisa i-Minor Works Agreement yamaphrojekthi alula angaphakathi kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye ne-R5,000,000. Zombili zibhalelwe imisebenzi yokwakha futhi zaziwa kahle ngosonkontileka baseNingizimu Afrika.

Ngingasebenzisa i-JBCC ephrojekthini kahulumeni?

Yebo, kungenzeka. I-cidb Standard for Uniformity in Construction Procurement ibala i-JBCC, NEC, GCC ne-FIDIC njengamafomu amaklayenti kahulumeni angawasebenzisa. Empeleni, umsebenzi we-civil nowobunjiniyela kahulumeni usebenzisa kakhulu i-GCC noma i-NEC. Imibhalo yethenda iyohlala isho ifomu elidingekayo, ngakho yilandele.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwama-subcontractor e-nominated nawasekhaya?

I-subcontractor e-nominated ikhethwa ngumqashi noma yi-principal agent, bese ithola inkontileka nosonkontileka omkhulu. I-subcontractor yasekhaya ikhethwa ngusonkontileka omkhulu yedwa, ovame ukuthwala isibopho esigcwele kumqashi ngomsebenzi wayo. Umehluko uthinta ukugeleza kwenkokhelo, isibopho nendlela amaphutha aphathwa ngayo.

Ngingashintsha amafomu enkontileka phakathi nephrojekthi?

Hhayi wedwa. Uma inkontileka isisayiniwe, zombili izinhlangothi ziboshwe yiyo. Ukushintsha ifomu kungadinga ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zivumelane, ngokuvamile ngokuqeda inkontileka ekhona nokusayina entsha. Lokhu akuvamile ukwenzeka, ngakho xazulula ifomu, inguqulo ne-contract data ngaphambi kokusayina.

Izihloko ezihlobene: